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Personality PSY206 > Ch 2-4 Measurement & Issues (class 3-4) > Flashcards

Ch 2-4 Measurement & Issues (class 3-4) Flashcards

1
Q

Ways to report on personality

A
  1. Self reports
  2. Observer reports
  3. Test data
  4. Life outcome data
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2
Q

Types of

  1. Self report
    measures of personality
A

Structured (response options, most common)

Unstructured (open ended can be interview)

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3
Q

Pros

  1. Self report
    measures of personality
A

Pros

We know ourselves, dreams etc

Can share perceptions of how others see us

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4
Q

Cons

  1. Self report
    measures of personality
A

Cons

We are biased

We may not know everything

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5
Q

What is

  1. Observer report
A

Asking ppl around to provide information

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6
Q

Pros

  1. Observer report
A

Pros

Unique diff perspective

Multiple observers

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7
Q

Cons

  1. Observer report
A

Cons

Ppl may not know context

Ppl know nothing of others inner experience

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8
Q

What Is

  1. Test Data
A

Standerdized testing (controlled situations)

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9
Q

Pros

  1. Test Data
A

Pros

Controlled environment

Elicit behaviours

Test Hypothesis

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10
Q

Cons

  1. Test Data
A

Cons

Observer effect

Creating valid situations

Observer bias

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11
Q

What is

  1. Life outcome Data
A

Data publicly available, examine events and outcomes of individual’s life

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12
Q

Pros

  1. Life outcome data
A

Pros

See how personality can affect actual lives outcomes

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13
Q

Cons

  1. Life outcome data
A

Cons

Lack control

Maybe other factors

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14
Q

What is The big - 5

A

Self report scale

Measures individual along a spectrum of 5 main dimensions & sub factors

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15
Q

When was the big 5 developed?

A

1980’s

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16
Q

How did they create the big 5

A

Lexical approach

Equally influenced by genetics and environment (cultural perspectives)

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17
Q

Describe the main 5, OCEAN factors

A
  1. Open mindedness
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Agreeableness
  4. Extraversion
  5. Negative emotionality
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18
Q

describe Big-5 & sub factors

  1. Open mindedness
A

Curiosity, imagination
Ready for adventure
Appreciation for artistic

Sub factors
Intelectual curiosity
Aesthetic Sensitivity
Creative Imagination

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19
Q

Describe traits for 1. Open mindedness

A

High creative, aware of feelings, unconventional beliefs, unpredictable, risky behaviours

Low perseverance, focus science, data, closed minded.

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20
Q

describe Big-5 & sub factors

  1. Conscientiousness
A

Organization of environment. Self discipline, strive achieve

Sub factors
Organization, productiveness, responsibility

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21
Q

Describe traits for 2. Conscientiousness

A

High organized goal driven stubborn

Low flexible, spontaneous, disorganized, not reliable

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22
Q

describe Big-5 & sub factors

  1. Extraversion
A

Eagerness to interact with world, positive boost from interaction with others, high energy and active situations

Sub factors
Sociable, Assertive, Energy level

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23
Q

Describe traits for 3. Extraversion

A

High Enjoy interact with others, full of energy, enthusiastic, center of attention

Low quiet, low key, less social work, not shy or depressed, just need less stimulation from outside wold

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24
Q

Describe Big-5 & sub factors

  1. Agreeableness
A

Want the world to get along, social trait, +R with better relationships

Sub factors
Compassion, respectfullness, Trust

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25
Q

Describe traits for 4. Agreeableness

A

High want others to get along, concerned with others well being, kind, generous, trusting, willing to compromise, optimistic view of humanity

Low
Self interest, less likely to help others, suspicious, unfriendly, uncooperative, competitive

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26
Q

Describe Big-5 & sub factors

  1. Negative emotionality
A

Neuroticism, neg emotions, low tolerance to stress

sub factors
Anxiety, depression, emotional volatility

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27
Q

Describe traits for 5. Negative Emotionality

A

High Emotionally reactive, sensitive to stress, outside world threatening, pessimistic

Low harder to upset, calm, emotionally stable,

28
Q

Evaluating research

Difference between theory and belief

A

Theory explains somethings that occurs in the world incorporating past research and hypotheses

Belief not scientifically supported

29
Q

Good research is

A
  1. Reliable
  2. Valid
  3. Testable
30
Q

Good research is

1. Reliable (describe)

A

Replicable

Is the test/measure consistent

31
Q

The replication crisis

Since when
Why

A

2010 - still going on

Difficult or impossible to replicate some studies

32
Q

Forms of Reliability

A
  1. Test Retest reliability
  2. Internal consistency reliability
  3. Inter-Rater reliability
33
Q

Forms of Reliability

  1. Test Retest reliability is
A

Consistency result every time measure is used

VERY important in personality research

State personality vs trait personality

34
Q

Forms of Reliability

  1. Internal consistency Reliability is
A

Internal consistency

In a pattern of answers no matter how a question is phrased

Cronbach’s alpha a

35
Q

Forms of Reliability

  1. Interrater reliability
A

2 Coders/ observers give consistent ratings

Important in observational research

Kappa statistic

36
Q

What form of reliability is very important in personality research?

A

Test Retest reliability

37
Q

What form of reliability is important in observational research ?

A

Interrater reliability

38
Q

What form of reliability uses the Kappa statistic

A

Interrater reliability

39
Q

What form of reliability uses the Cronbach’s alpha statistic

A

Internal reliability

40
Q

What is validity

A

How accurate is the measure and does it measure what it is supposed to?

41
Q

What are the 4 main types of validities

A
  1. Construct
  2. Statistical
  3. Internal
  4. External
42
Q

What Validities are under Construct

A
  1. Face
  2. Content
  3. Criterion
  4. Convergent
  5. Discriminant
43
Q

What is 1. construct validity

A

how well is the variable measured or manipulated

44
Q

What is 5. Face validity

A

Does it look like a good measure

Subjective

45
Q

What is 6. content validity

A

The measure contains all the parts that established theory says it should

Subjective

46
Q

What is 7. Criterion Validity

A

Predictive validity

Measure is correlated with a relevant outcome

Empicicle

47
Q

What is 7. Criterion Validity

A

Predictive validity

Measure is correlated with a relevant outcome

Empirical

48
Q

What is 8. Convergent validity

A

Measure is strongly associated with measures of similar constructs

Empirical

49
Q

What is 9. discriminant validity

A

Measure is not strongly associated with measures of dissimilar constructs

Empirical

50
Q

Can a measure be valid and not reliable

A

Nope

51
Q

Can a measure be reliable and not valid

A

Yes

52
Q

What is 3. Internal validity

A

are the research results valid?

Affected by controlling or environment of study?

53
Q

What is 4. External validity

A

Generalizability

how do results from one area apply to another area

54
Q

What is a weird population

A 
Western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich 
Democratic
55
Q

What % of the world population do WEIRD population represent?

A

12%

56
Q

What % of the study participants are WEIRD

A

80%

57
Q

Research designs

What is a variable?

A

Something that differs or can be measured differently

EX Agression, cheerfulness, weight, speed, height.

58
Q

What is the IV

A

the predictor variable

on the X axis

59
Q

What is the DV

A

The outcome variable

On the Y Axis

60
Q

Different forms of studies

A
  1. Correlational
  2. Experimental
  3. Case studies
61
Q

What do correlational studies do

A

Investigate relationships between variables

62
Q

What statistic does correlational research use

A

The correlation coefficient

63
Q

2 problems with correlational studies

A

Directionality what variable came first

Third variable problem

64
Q

What are experimental studies

A

Can determine causality

Require Manipulation or Intervention

Similar groups at the start

65
Q

How to make sure the groups are the same in experimental studies

A

Counterbalancing (switching orders of manipulations)

Random assignment

66
Q

What are Case studies

A

In depth examination of one individual

Useful as starting points before bigger studies

Study rare phenomenon

interviews assessment observations

Personality PSY206 (7 decks)

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