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Personality PSY206 > Ch 2-4 Measurement & Issues (class 3-4) > Flashcards

Ch 2-4 Measurement & Issues (class 3-4) Flashcards

1
Q

Ways to report on personality

A
  1. Self reports
  2. Observer reports
  3. Test data
  4. Life outcome data
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2
Q

Types of

  1. Self report
    measures of personality
A

Structured (response options, most common)

Unstructured (open ended can be interview)

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3
Q

Pros

  1. Self report
    measures of personality
A

Pros

We know ourselves, dreams etc

Can share perceptions of how others see us

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4
Q

Cons

  1. Self report
    measures of personality
A

Cons

We are biased

We may not know everything

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5
Q

What is

  1. Observer report
A

Asking ppl around to provide information

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6
Q

Pros

  1. Observer report
A

Pros

Unique diff perspective

Multiple observers

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7
Q

Cons

  1. Observer report
A

Cons

Ppl may not know context

Ppl know nothing of others inner experience

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8
Q

What Is

  1. Test Data
A

Standerdized testing (controlled situations)

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9
Q

Pros

  1. Test Data
A

Pros

Controlled environment

Elicit behaviours

Test Hypothesis

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10
Q

Cons

  1. Test Data
A

Cons

Observer effect

Creating valid situations

Observer bias

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11
Q

What is

  1. Life outcome Data
A

Data publicly available, examine events and outcomes of individual’s life

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12
Q

Pros

  1. Life outcome data
A

Pros

See how personality can affect actual lives outcomes

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13
Q

Cons

  1. Life outcome data
A

Cons

Lack control

Maybe other factors

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14
Q

What is The big - 5

A

Self report scale

Measures individual along a spectrum of 5 main dimensions & sub factors

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15
Q

When was the big 5 developed?

A

1980’s

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16
Q

How did they create the big 5

A

Lexical approach

Equally influenced by genetics and environment (cultural perspectives)

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17
Q

Describe the main 5, OCEAN factors

A
  1. Open mindedness
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Agreeableness
  4. Extraversion
  5. Negative emotionality
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18
Q

describe Big-5 & sub factors

  1. Open mindedness
A

Curiosity, imagination
Ready for adventure
Appreciation for artistic

Sub factors
Intelectual curiosity
Aesthetic Sensitivity
Creative Imagination

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19
Q

Describe traits for 1. Open mindedness

A

High creative, aware of feelings, unconventional beliefs, unpredictable, risky behaviours

Low perseverance, focus science, data, closed minded.

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20
Q

describe Big-5 & sub factors

  1. Conscientiousness
A

Organization of environment. Self discipline, strive achieve

Sub factors
Organization, productiveness, responsibility

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21
Q

Describe traits for 2. Conscientiousness

A

High organized goal driven stubborn

Low flexible, spontaneous, disorganized, not reliable

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22
Q

describe Big-5 & sub factors

  1. Extraversion
A

Eagerness to interact with world, positive boost from interaction with others, high energy and active situations

Sub factors
Sociable, Assertive, Energy level

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23
Q

Describe traits for 3. Extraversion

A

High Enjoy interact with others, full of energy, enthusiastic, center of attention

Low quiet, low key, less social work, not shy or depressed, just need less stimulation from outside wold

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24
Q

Describe Big-5 & sub factors

  1. Agreeableness
A

Want the world to get along, social trait, +R with better relationships

Sub factors
Compassion, respectfullness, Trust

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25
Describe traits for 4. Agreeableness
High want others to get along, concerned with others well being, kind, generous, trusting, willing to compromise, optimistic view of humanity Low Self interest, less likely to help others, suspicious, unfriendly, uncooperative, competitive
26
Describe Big-5 & sub factors 5. Negative emotionality
Neuroticism, neg emotions, low tolerance to stress sub factors Anxiety, depression, emotional volatility
27
Describe traits for 5. Negative Emotionality
High Emotionally reactive, sensitive to stress, outside world threatening, pessimistic Low harder to upset, calm, emotionally stable,
28
Evaluating research | Difference between theory and belief
Theory explains somethings that occurs in the world incorporating past research and hypotheses Belief not scientifically supported
29
Good research is
1. Reliable 2. Valid 3. Testable
30
Good research is | 1. Reliable (describe)
Replicable | Is the test/measure consistent
31
The replication crisis Since when Why
2010 - still going on Difficult or impossible to replicate some studies
32
Forms of Reliability
1. Test Retest reliability 2. Internal consistency reliability 3. Inter-Rater reliability
33
Forms of Reliability 1. Test Retest reliability is
Consistency result every time measure is used VERY important in personality research State personality vs trait personality
34
Forms of Reliability 2. Internal consistency Reliability is
Internal consistency In a pattern of answers no matter how a question is phrased Cronbach's alpha a
35
Forms of Reliability 3. Interrater reliability
2 Coders/ observers give consistent ratings Important in observational research Kappa statistic
36
What form of reliability is very important in personality research?
Test Retest reliability
37
What form of reliability is important in observational research ?
Interrater reliability
38
What form of reliability uses the Kappa statistic
Interrater reliability
39
What form of reliability uses the Cronbach's alpha statistic
Internal reliability
40
What is validity
How accurate is the measure and does it measure what it is supposed to?
41
What are the 4 main types of validities
1. Construct 2. Statistical 3. Internal 4. External
42
What Validities are under Construct
5. Face 6. Content 7. Criterion 8. Convergent 9. Discriminant
43
What is 1. construct validity
how well is the variable measured or manipulated
44
What is 5. Face validity
Does it look like a good measure Subjective
45
What is 6. content validity
The measure contains all the parts that established theory says it should Subjective
46
What is 7. Criterion Validity
Predictive validity Measure is correlated with a relevant outcome Empicicle
47
What is 7. Criterion Validity
Predictive validity Measure is correlated with a relevant outcome Empirical
48
What is 8. Convergent validity
Measure is strongly associated with measures of similar constructs Empirical
49
What is 9. discriminant validity
Measure is not strongly associated with measures of dissimilar constructs Empirical
50
Can a measure be valid and not reliable
Nope
51
Can a measure be reliable and not valid
Yes
52
What is 3. Internal validity
are the research results valid? Affected by controlling or environment of study?
53
What is 4. External validity
Generalizability how do results from one area apply to another area
54
What is a weird population
``` Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic ```
55
What % of the world population do WEIRD population represent?
12%
56
What % of the study participants are WEIRD
80%
57
Research designs What is a variable?
Something that differs or can be measured differently EX Agression, cheerfulness, weight, speed, height.
58
What is the IV
the predictor variable | on the X axis
59
What is the DV
The outcome variable | On the Y Axis
60
Different forms of studies
1. Correlational 2. Experimental 3. Case studies
61
What do correlational studies do
Investigate relationships between variables
62
What statistic does correlational research use
The correlation coefficient
63
2 problems with correlational studies
Directionality what variable came first Third variable problem
64
What are experimental studies
Can determine causality Require Manipulation or Intervention Similar groups at the start
65
How to make sure the groups are the same in experimental studies
Counterbalancing (switching orders of manipulations) Random assignment
66
What are Case studies
In depth examination of one individual Useful as starting points before bigger studies Study rare phenomenon interviews assessment observations

Personality PSY206 (7 decks)

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