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Personality PSY206 > Ch 3 Traits & Taxonomies (class 5-6) > Flashcards

Ch 3 Traits & Taxonomies (class 5-6) Flashcards

1
Q

4 ways to describe ppl’s traits

A
  1. Internal
  2. Descriptive
  3. Categorical
  4. Dimensions
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2
Q

4 ways to describe ppl’s traits

  1. Internal
A

Carry our traits with us
Desires, needs, wants

Can influence our behaviours

Useful: provides explanations as causes of tendencies

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3
Q

4 ways to describe ppl’s traits

what is 2. Descriptive

A

No assumptions of internality or causality

Describes trends in behaviour

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4
Q

4 ways to describe ppl’s traits

what is 3. Categorical

A

Placing people in categories based on traits

Example: “They are an extraverted person”

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5
Q

4 ways to describe ppl’s traits

what is 4. Dimensions

A

People have varying levels of all traits

Example: “They are high in extraversion”

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6
Q

3 main approaches to developing taxonomies

A
  1. Lexical
  2. Theoretical
  3. Statistical
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7
Q

Describe the 1. lexical approach

A

Traits are all found in our language

Allows us to describe each other

Identifying important traits:
Synonym frequency
Cross-cultural universality

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8
Q

Describe the 2. Theoretical approach

A

Starts with a theory

What trait is important to us

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9
Q

Describe the 3. Statistical approach

A

Starts with pool of personality items
Identify ‘clusters’ of traits to create a dimension or category

Factor analysis

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10
Q

Strengths of 1. Lexical approach

A

Good starting point for finding trait language

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11
Q

Strengths of 2. Theoretical approach

A

Background for guidance

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12
Q

Strengths of 3. Statistical approach

A

Identify commonalities in personalities

Reduce insane amount of data

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13
Q

Weekness 1. lexical approach

A

Many words adjectives, nouns, adverbs

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14
Q

Weekness 2. Theoretical approach

A

Can be affected by gaps in knowledge and or biases

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15
Q

Weekness to 3. Statistical approach

A

Can be affected by biases

Need to be aware of what we are looking for

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16
Q

A mean is

A

An average
Add scores divide by number of scores

n=

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17
Q

What is a standard deviation

A

How far a score is from the mean

SD

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18
Q

What is a T-Score

A

A form of standard deviation

Takes an individual score (how you perform on the test) and transforms to a standardized score
Standardizing allows to compare scores between people, comparing against the norm

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19
Q

What is a percentage

A

Type of proportion or ratio score

Number as a fraction / 100

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20
Q

What is a Normative sample

A

Sample where we draw norms for comparison

Group of individuals from a reference population

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21
Q

Difference Taxonomy vs Personality test

A

Taxonomy:
Theoretical background / Sorting of classification

Personality test:
Applying ppl to the theoretical background.

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22
Q

Describe Eysenck’s Hierarchal Model 4 points

A

Based taxonomy on three core traits

Highly heritable

Psychological foundation

Based on having a ‘super-trait’ and more narrow traits underneath

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23
Q

What are Eysenck’s Hierarchal Model’s

What are the 3 super-traits

A

“PEN”

  1. Psychoticism
  2. Extraversion
  3. Neuroticism
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24
Q

What are Eysenck’s Hierarchal Model’s

3 super-traits

Describe 1.Psychoticism

A

Based around aggression, egocentrism, creativity, impulsivity, lack empathy, antisocial, higher in men.

High, solitary loner, cruel, like dangerous activities.

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25
What are Eysenck's Hierarchal Model's 3 super-traits Describe 2. Extraversion
Extraversion: sociable, active, lively… Introversion: more serious, prefer to be on their own
26
What are Eysenck's Hierarchal Model's 3 super-traits Describe 2. Extraversion
Extraversion: sociable, active, lively… Introversion: more serious, prefer to be on their own
27
What are Eysenck's Hierarchal Model's 3 super-traits Describe 3. Neuroticism
Based around anxiety, irritability, guilty, lack of self-esteem, moodiness High: Worrier Higher likelihood of anxiety and depression More emotional fluctuation
28
Circumplex Taxonomies
Circle Involves the life in whole Trait terms = kinds of ways ppl differ from one another
29
How did the Circumplex model begin
By Jerry Wiggins Began with a lexical approach
30
Types of traits in the Circumplex
Interpersonal traits: Connections between people Temperament traits: Nervous, gloomy, excitable Character traits: Moral, principled, dishonest Material traits: Miserly, greedy Attitude traits: Spiritual Mental traits: Clever, logical Physical traits: Healthy, tough
31
Types of traits in the Circumplex
Interpersonal traits: Connections between people Temperament traits: Nervous, gloomy, excitable Character traits: Moral, principled, dishonest Material traits: Miserly, greedy Attitude traits: Spiritual Mental traits: Clever, logical Physical traits: Healthy, tough
32
1. Interpersonal traits
Dyadic = social exchange with consequences for the individual Love = emotional Communion: connection together, morality Opposite = dissociation Status = social Agency: power, mastery, assertion Opposite = passivity
33
Circumplex model
Adjacency: how close to each other Bipolarity: having an opposite end to the trait Orthogonality: perpendicular. Zero correlation between traits
34
Big-5 model links to positive life outcomes
Academic success High C, low N Happiness High C, low N Forgiveness High A, low N Volunteer work Low A, low E Success High E, high O, high C Leadership High E, high A, high C, low N
35
Big-5 Model links to negative outcomes
Alcohol abuse High E, low C Aggression High N – cooled by high A Have kids High E, low N Academic dishonesty Low C, low A
36
The HEXACO model
Dvlpd by Canadian researchers Brock Adding a 6th factor to the 5-Factor model & adapting other 5
37
What are the 6 main traits in the HEXACO model
1. Honesty Humility 2. Emotionality 3. Extroversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Conscientiousness 6. Openness
38
Describe HEXACO traits 1. Honesty- Humility
Sincere, honest, faithful High Avoid manipulating others Not tempted to break rules No need for wealth or luxuries Low Use falsity to achieve goals Rule breaker Sense of self-importance
39
Describe HEXACO traits 2. Emotionality
Emotional, oversensitive, sentimental, fearful ``` High Fear of physical dangers High anxiety to life stress Need emotional support Empathetic Low Low worry in high stress situations Do not share concerns with others Emotional detachment ```
40
Describe HEXACO trait 3. extraversion
Outgoing, lively, sociable ``` High Feel positively about themselves Confident in front of others Enthusiastic and energetic Low Feel unpopular Awkward in social settings Feel lower energy ```
41
Describe HEXACO trait 4. Agreeableness
Patience, tolerance, gentle ``` High Forgive others Lack of judgement Compromise and cooperate Control their temper ``` Low Hold grudges Stubborn Critical
42
Describe HEXACO trait 5. Conscientiousness
Organized, disciplined, careful High Organize time and environment Work towards goals Strive for perfection Low Avoid difficult tasks or challenges Will accept some errors Impulsive
43
Openness to Experience
Intellectual, creative, innovative High Aware of beauty in art and nature Curious in learning Imaginative Low Little intellectual curiosity Avoid creative pursuits Avoid radical ideas
44
Pro's Cons 1. Eysecnk & Hierarchal 2. Wiggins & Cicumplex 3. Big-5 4. HEXACO
1. Eysecnk & Hierarchal Pros Heritability of traits Links between traits Cons Other traits have heritability Not covering all potential traits
45
Pro's Cons 1. Eysecnk & Hierarchal 2. Wiggins & Cicumplex 3. Big-5 4. HEXACO
2. Wiggins & Cicumplex Pros Explicit definition of interpersonal behaviours Identify gaps Cons Limited to two dimensions
46
Pro's Cons Eysecnk & Hierarchal Wiggins & Cicumplex Big-5 HEXACO
Big-5 Pros Easy for understanding others Links to outcomes Cons Lack of psychological processes
47
Pro's Cons 1. Eysecnk & Hierarchal 2. Wiggins & Cicumplex 3. Big-5 4. HEXACO
4. HEXACO Pros Expansion of personality into dispositional domains Cross-language Cons Do we need a sixth category?
48
What is the Dark Triad
Developed by Canadian psychologist Three ‘dark’ traits that are linked with disruptions and transgressions on a social scale Socially malevolent, emotional coldness, deceitfulness, aggressiveness Highly correlated between the three Linked to low agreeableness, low honesty-humility
49
Dark triad What is Machiavellianism
From Niccolò Machiavelli Political writing: The Prince Politics are governed through deception, treason, crime Ends justify the means Cunning, deceptive, exploitive, manipulation of personal ties
50
Dark Triad What is Narcissism
Narcissism Tendency towards grandiosity, entitlement, superiority Excessive attention-seeking behaviour
51
Dark Triad What is psychopathy
Subclinical High impulsivity, thrill-seeking, low empathy and anxiety Selfish and antisocial behaviour
52
Risks in Using Personality Assessment
Participants can - be careless / fake
53
How can we check for faking
Questions to determine - False Negative and false positive
54
What is a Barnum Statement
Something so general it can apply to anyone EX astrology
55
Possible Benefits of Personality test in workplace
Personnel selection Integrity testing Avoid injury and negligence
56
Possible Issues of Personality test in workplace
Legal issues Right to privacy Discrimination Disparate impact Race or gender norming
57
What is the Myers Briggs Type Indicator
Personality based on 8 core preferences Corced coice format
58
What are the 8 fundamental preferences of the Myers Briggs Type indicator
``` 1. Introverted Types Introversion Intuition Feeling Perceiving ``` 2. Extraverted types Sensing Thinking Judging
59
What are benefits of the MBTI
Used in many areas Intuitive based, makes sense
60
Risks of the MBTI
Not based on solid theory Sorting of types Fail validation tests
61
Hogan Personality Inventory
Adapting the Big-5 to the business world People generally want: Acceptance Status Predictability Two category of scales Primary scales Occupational scales
62
Hogan Personality Inventory Primary scales
Adjustment : self confidence, self esteem, opposite of neuroticism Ambition : Initiative, leadership Sociability ; Extraversion, need for social interaction Interpersonal sensitivity ; Warmth, charm, good relationships Prudence ; Self discipline, responsibility, conscientiousness Inquisitiveness; Imagination, curiosity Learning Approach; Enjoying learning, staying current
63
Occupational Scales
Service Orientation; Attentiveness, pleasant, courteous Stress tolerance; Handling stress, staying calm Reliability; Honesty, integrity, organized, Clerical potential; follow directions, attention to detail, clear communication Sales potential ; Energy, social skills, solve customer problems Managerial potential ; Leadership skills, planning, decision making abilities
64
Why use HPI
Based upon a supported theory Many validity tests demonstrate effectiveness No adverse impact based on gender, race, ethnicity

Personality PSY206 (7 decks)

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