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Personality PSY206 > Ch 3 Traits & Taxonomies (class 5-6) > Flashcards

Ch 3 Traits & Taxonomies (class 5-6) Flashcards

1
Q

4 ways to describe ppl’s traits

A
  1. Internal
  2. Descriptive
  3. Categorical
  4. Dimensions
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2
Q

4 ways to describe ppl’s traits

  1. Internal
A

Carry our traits with us
Desires, needs, wants

Can influence our behaviours

Useful: provides explanations as causes of tendencies

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3
Q

4 ways to describe ppl’s traits

what is 2. Descriptive

A

No assumptions of internality or causality

Describes trends in behaviour

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4
Q

4 ways to describe ppl’s traits

what is 3. Categorical

A

Placing people in categories based on traits

Example: “They are an extraverted person”

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5
Q

4 ways to describe ppl’s traits

what is 4. Dimensions

A

People have varying levels of all traits

Example: “They are high in extraversion”

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6
Q

3 main approaches to developing taxonomies

A
  1. Lexical
  2. Theoretical
  3. Statistical
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7
Q

Describe the 1. lexical approach

A

Traits are all found in our language

Allows us to describe each other

Identifying important traits:
Synonym frequency
Cross-cultural universality

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8
Q

Describe the 2. Theoretical approach

A

Starts with a theory

What trait is important to us

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9
Q

Describe the 3. Statistical approach

A

Starts with pool of personality items
Identify ‘clusters’ of traits to create a dimension or category

Factor analysis

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10
Q

Strengths of 1. Lexical approach

A

Good starting point for finding trait language

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11
Q

Strengths of 2. Theoretical approach

A

Background for guidance

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12
Q

Strengths of 3. Statistical approach

A

Identify commonalities in personalities

Reduce insane amount of data

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13
Q

Weekness 1. lexical approach

A

Many words adjectives, nouns, adverbs

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14
Q

Weekness 2. Theoretical approach

A

Can be affected by gaps in knowledge and or biases

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15
Q

Weekness to 3. Statistical approach

A

Can be affected by biases

Need to be aware of what we are looking for

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16
Q

A mean is

A

An average
Add scores divide by number of scores

n=

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17
Q

What is a standard deviation

A

How far a score is from the mean

SD

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18
Q

What is a T-Score

A

A form of standard deviation

Takes an individual score (how you perform on the test) and transforms to a standardized score
Standardizing allows to compare scores between people, comparing against the norm

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19
Q

What is a percentage

A

Type of proportion or ratio score

Number as a fraction / 100

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20
Q

What is a Normative sample

A

Sample where we draw norms for comparison

Group of individuals from a reference population

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21
Q

Difference Taxonomy vs Personality test

A

Taxonomy:
Theoretical background / Sorting of classification

Personality test:
Applying ppl to the theoretical background.

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22
Q

Describe Eysenck’s Hierarchal Model 4 points

A

Based taxonomy on three core traits

Highly heritable

Psychological foundation

Based on having a ‘super-trait’ and more narrow traits underneath

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23
Q

What are Eysenck’s Hierarchal Model’s

What are the 3 super-traits

A

“PEN”

  1. Psychoticism
  2. Extraversion
  3. Neuroticism
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24
Q

What are Eysenck’s Hierarchal Model’s

3 super-traits

Describe 1.Psychoticism

A

Based around aggression, egocentrism, creativity, impulsivity, lack empathy, antisocial, higher in men.

High, solitary loner, cruel, like dangerous activities.

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25
Q

What are Eysenck’s Hierarchal Model’s

3 super-traits

Describe 2. Extraversion

A

Extraversion: sociable, active, lively…

Introversion: more serious, prefer to be on their own

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26
Q

What are Eysenck’s Hierarchal Model’s

3 super-traits

Describe 2. Extraversion

A

Extraversion: sociable, active, lively…

Introversion: more serious, prefer to be on their own

27
Q

What are Eysenck’s Hierarchal Model’s

3 super-traits

Describe 3. Neuroticism

A

Based around anxiety, irritability, guilty, lack of self-esteem, moodiness

High:
Worrier
Higher likelihood of anxiety and depression
More emotional fluctuation

28
Q

Circumplex Taxonomies

A

Circle
Involves the life in whole

Trait terms = kinds of ways ppl differ from one another

29
Q

How did the Circumplex model begin

A

By Jerry Wiggins

Began with a lexical approach

30
Q

Types of traits in the Circumplex

A

Interpersonal traits: Connections between people

Temperament traits: Nervous, gloomy, excitable

Character traits: Moral, principled, dishonest

Material traits: Miserly, greedy
Attitude traits: Spiritual

Mental traits: Clever, logical
Physical traits: Healthy, tough

31
Q

Types of traits in the Circumplex

A

Interpersonal traits: Connections between people

Temperament traits: Nervous, gloomy, excitable

Character traits: Moral, principled, dishonest

Material traits: Miserly, greedy

Attitude traits: Spiritual

Mental traits: Clever, logical

Physical traits: Healthy, tough

32
Q
  1. Interpersonal traits
A

Dyadic = social exchange with consequences for the individual

Love = emotional
Communion: connection together, morality
Opposite = dissociation

Status = social
Agency: power, mastery, assertion
Opposite = passivity

33
Q

Circumplex model

A

Adjacency: how close to each other

Bipolarity: having an opposite end to the trait

Orthogonality: perpendicular. Zero correlation between traits

34
Q

Big-5 model links to positive life outcomes

A

Academic success
High C, low N

Happiness
High C, low N

Forgiveness
High A, low N

Volunteer work
Low A, low E

Success
High E, high O, high C

Leadership
High E, high A, high C, low N

35
Q

Big-5 Model links to negative outcomes

A

Alcohol abuse
High E, low C

Aggression
High N – cooled by high A

Have kids
High E, low N

Academic dishonesty
Low C, low A

36
Q

The HEXACO model

A

Dvlpd by Canadian researchers Brock

Adding a 6th factor to the 5-Factor model & adapting other 5

37
Q

What are the 6 main traits in the HEXACO model

A
  1. Honesty Humility
  2. Emotionality
  3. Extroversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Conscientiousness
  6. Openness
38
Q

Describe HEXACO traits 1. Honesty- Humility

A

Sincere, honest, faithful

High
Avoid manipulating others
Not tempted to break rules
No need for wealth or luxuries

Low
Use falsity to achieve goals
Rule breaker
Sense of self-importance

39
Q

Describe HEXACO traits 2. Emotionality

A

Emotional, oversensitive, sentimental, fearful

High
Fear of physical dangers
High anxiety to life stress
Need emotional support
Empathetic
Low
Low worry in high stress situations
Do not share concerns with others
Emotional detachment
40
Q

Describe HEXACO trait 3. extraversion

A

Outgoing, lively, sociable

High
Feel positively about themselves
Confident in front of others
Enthusiastic and energetic
Low
Feel unpopular
Awkward in social settings
Feel lower energy
41
Q

Describe HEXACO trait 4. Agreeableness

A

Patience, tolerance, gentle

High 
Forgive others
Lack of judgement 
Compromise and cooperate 
Control their temper

Low
Hold grudges
Stubborn
Critical

42
Q

Describe HEXACO trait 5. Conscientiousness

A

Organized, disciplined, careful

High
Organize time and environment
Work towards goals
Strive for perfection

Low
Avoid difficult tasks or challenges
Will accept some errors
Impulsive

43
Q

Openness to Experience

A

Intellectual, creative, innovative

High
Aware of beauty in art and nature
Curious in learning
Imaginative

Low
Little intellectual curiosity
Avoid creative pursuits
Avoid radical ideas

44
Q

Pro’s Cons

  1. Eysecnk & Hierarchal
  2. Wiggins & Cicumplex
  3. Big-5
  4. HEXACO
A
  1. Eysecnk & Hierarchal

Pros
Heritability of traits
Links between traits

Cons
Other traits have heritability
Not covering all potential traits

45
Q

Pro’s Cons
1. Eysecnk & Hierarchal

  1. Wiggins & Cicumplex
  2. Big-5
  3. HEXACO
A
  1. Wiggins & Cicumplex

Pros
Explicit definition of interpersonal behaviours
Identify gaps

Cons
Limited to two dimensions

46
Q

Pro’s Cons
Eysecnk & Hierarchal
Wiggins & Cicumplex

Big-5

HEXACO

A

Big-5

Pros
Easy for understanding others
Links to outcomes

Cons
Lack of psychological processes

47
Q

Pro’s Cons

  1. Eysecnk & Hierarchal
  2. Wiggins & Cicumplex
  3. Big-5
  4. HEXACO
A
  1. HEXACO

Pros
Expansion of personality into dispositional domains
Cross-language

Cons
Do we need a sixth category?

48
Q

What is the Dark Triad

A

Developed by Canadian psychologist

Three ‘dark’ traits that are linked with disruptions and transgressions on a social scale

Socially malevolent, emotional coldness, deceitfulness, aggressiveness

Highly correlated between the three

Linked to low agreeableness, low honesty-humility

49
Q

Dark triad

What is Machiavellianism

A

From Niccolò Machiavelli

Political writing: The Prince
Politics are governed through deception, treason, crime

Ends justify the means

Cunning, deceptive, exploitive, manipulation of personal ties

50
Q

Dark Triad

What is Narcissism

A

Narcissism

Tendency towards grandiosity, entitlement, superiority

Excessive attention-seeking behaviour

51
Q

Dark Triad

What is psychopathy

A

Subclinical

High impulsivity, thrill-seeking, low empathy and anxiety

Selfish and antisocial behaviour

52
Q

Risks in Using Personality Assessment

A

Participants can - be careless / fake

53
Q

How can we check for faking

A

Questions to determine - False Negative and false positive

54
Q

What is a Barnum Statement

A

Something so general it can apply to anyone EX astrology

55
Q

Possible Benefits of Personality test in workplace

A

Personnel selection

Integrity testing

Avoid injury and negligence

56
Q

Possible Issues of Personality test in workplace

A

Legal issues

Right to privacy

Discrimination
Disparate impact
Race or gender norming

57
Q

What is the Myers Briggs Type Indicator

A

Personality based on 8 core preferences

Corced coice format

58
Q

What are the 8 fundamental preferences of the Myers Briggs Type indicator

A 
1. Introverted Types
   Introversion 
   Intuition
   Feeling
   Perceiving
  1. Extraverted types
    Sensing
    Thinking
    Judging
59
Q

What are benefits of the MBTI

A

Used in many areas

Intuitive based, makes sense

60
Q

Risks of the MBTI

A

Not based on solid theory

Sorting of types

Fail validation tests

61
Q

Hogan Personality Inventory

A

Adapting the Big-5 to the business world

People generally want:
Acceptance
Status
Predictability

Two category of scales
Primary scales
Occupational scales

62
Q

Hogan Personality Inventory Primary scales

A

Adjustment : self confidence, self esteem, opposite of neuroticism

Ambition : Initiative, leadership

Sociability ; Extraversion, need for social interaction

Interpersonal sensitivity ; Warmth, charm, good relationships

Prudence ; Self discipline, responsibility, conscientiousness

Inquisitiveness; Imagination, curiosity

Learning Approach; Enjoying learning, staying current

63
Q

Occupational Scales

A

Service Orientation; Attentiveness, pleasant, courteous

Stress tolerance; Handling stress, staying calm

Reliability; Honesty, integrity, organized,

Clerical potential; follow directions, attention to detail, clear communication

Sales potential ; Energy, social skills, solve customer problems

Managerial potential ; Leadership skills, planning, decision making abilities

64
Q

Why use HPI

A

Based upon a supported theory

Many validity tests demonstrate effectiveness

No adverse impact based on gender, race, ethnicity

Personality PSY206 (7 decks)

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