Ch. 4

Question 1

cell theory

Answer 1

all organisms are composed of cells
cells are the smallest living things
cells can only come from pre-existing cells

Question 2

surface area-to-volume ration

Answer 2

as a cell increases in size the volume increases 10 times faster than the surface area

Question 3

ALL cells have

Answer 3

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
genetic material
ribosomes

Question 4

almost ALL prokaryotic cells lack

Answer 4

membrane-bound nuclei and few membrane-bound organelles

Question 5

Prokaryotes: types

Answer 5

archaea
bacteria

Question 6

all PROKARYOTIC cells have

Answer 6

cytoplasm
plasma membrane
cell wall
ribosomes
genetic material in nucleoid region

Question 7

Prokaryotic Cell Walls

Answer 7

protect cell and maintain cell shape

Question 8

Bacterial cell walls

Answer 8

may be composed of peptidoglycan

Question 9

Archaean cell walls

Answer 9

lack peptidoglycan

Question 10

flagella

Answer 10

in some prokaryotes
rotary motion propels the cell

Question 11

archaea

Answer 11

extremophiles, many are methanogenic

Question 12

Nucleus

Answer 12

stores genetic material in the form of chromosomes

Question 13

Ribosomes

Answer 13

site of protein synthesis

Question 14

Endomembrane System

Answer 14

series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm, divides cells into compartments of different cellular functions

Question 15

Rough ER

Answer 15

synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane

Question 16

Smooth ER

Answer 16

functions:
synthesis of membrane lipids
calcium storage
detoxification of foreign substances

Question 17

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 17

packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination

Question 18

Golgi Apparatus: structure

Answer 18

cis face
trans face

Question 19

lysosomes

Answer 19

destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed

Question 20

vacuoles

Answer 20

membrane-bound structures with various function, depending on cell type

Question 21

mitochondria

Answer 21

creates ATP
contain their own DNA

Question 22

mitochondria: structure

Answer 22

has two membranes
cristae are the folds
matrix is with in inner membrane
space between the two membranes

Question 23

chloroplasts

Answer 23

contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
has two membranes

Question 24

chloroplasts: structure

Answer 24

thylakoid are membranous sacs
granna are stacks of thylakoids
stroma is the fluid

Question 25

endosymbiosis

Answer 25

theory that eukaryotic organelles evolved through a symbiotic relationship
one cell engulfed another cell

Question 26

cytoskeleton

Answer 26

network of protein fibers

Question 27

cytoskeleton: function

Answer 27

supports shape of cell
keeps organelles in fixed locations
helps move materials within cell

Question 28

cytoskeleton: types

Answer 28

actin filaments - responsible for cellular contractions
microtubules - organize cell and move materials within cell
intermediate filaments - provide structural stability

Question 29

cilia and flagella: structure

Answer 29

9 + 2 structure, 9 pairs of microtubules around 2 central microtubules

Question 30

cell wall types

Answer 30

plant and protist cell wall: cellulose
fungal cell walls: chitin