Ch. 4 Flashcards
cell theory
all organisms are composed of cells
cells are the smallest living things
cells can only come from pre-existing cells
surface area-to-volume ration
as a cell increases in size the volume increases 10 times faster than the surface area
ALL cells have
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
genetic material
ribosomes
almost ALL prokaryotic cells lack
membrane-bound nuclei and few membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotes: types
archaea
bacteria
all PROKARYOTIC cells have
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
cell wall
ribosomes
genetic material in nucleoid region
Prokaryotic Cell Walls
protect cell and maintain cell shape
Bacterial cell walls
may be composed of peptidoglycan
Archaean cell walls
lack peptidoglycan
flagella
in some prokaryotes
rotary motion propels the cell
archaea
extremophiles, many are methanogenic
Nucleus
stores genetic material in the form of chromosomes
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
Endomembrane System
series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm, divides cells into compartments of different cellular functions
Rough ER
synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane
Smooth ER
functions:
synthesis of membrane lipids
calcium storage
detoxification of foreign substances
Golgi Apparatus
packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination
Golgi Apparatus: structure
cis face
trans face
lysosomes
destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed
vacuoles
membrane-bound structures with various function, depending on cell type
mitochondria
creates ATP
contain their own DNA
mitochondria: structure
has two membranes
cristae are the folds
matrix is with in inner membrane
space between the two membranes
chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
has two membranes
chloroplasts: structure
thylakoid are membranous sacs
granna are stacks of thylakoids
stroma is the fluid
endosymbiosis
theory that eukaryotic organelles evolved through a symbiotic relationship
one cell engulfed another cell
cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers
cytoskeleton: function
supports shape of cell
keeps organelles in fixed locations
helps move materials within cell
cytoskeleton: types
actin filaments - responsible for cellular contractions
microtubules - organize cell and move materials within cell
intermediate filaments - provide structural stability
cilia and flagella: structure
9 + 2 structure, 9 pairs of microtubules around 2 central microtubules
cell wall types
plant and protist cell wall: cellulose
fungal cell walls: chitin
