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Biology 1 > Ch. 15 > Flashcards

Ch. 15 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

set of 3 nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid

A

codon

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2
Q

information flows in one direction: DNA to RNA to protein

A

central dogma

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3
Q

flow of info from DNA to RNA

A

transcription

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4
Q

flow of info from RNA to protein

A

translation

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5
Q

each enzyme of the arginine pathway was encoded by a separate gene

A

one gene - one polypeptide hypothesis

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6
Q

how many possible codons?

A

64

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7
Q

stop codons

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

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8
Q

start codon

A

AUG

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9
Q

Template strand

A

strand of DNA
antisense strand
3’ to 5’

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10
Q

coding strand

A

complementary to template strand
sense strand
5’ to 3’

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11
Q

transcription initiation

A

rna ploymerase idetneifies where to begin transcription - at the promoter region

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12
Q

transcription elongation

A

rna nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of RNA strand

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13
Q

Transcription termination

A

RNA polymerase stops translation when it encounters stop codon

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14
Q

mRNA

A

messenger
carries info from RNA that encodes protein

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15
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal
structural component of ribosome

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16
Q

tRNA

A

transfer
carrier amino acids to the ribosome for translation

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17
Q

snRNA

A

small nuclear
involved in pre-RNA splicing

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18
Q

transcription buble

A

moves at rate of 50 nucleotides/sec
consists of:
RNA poly
DNA template
growing RNA transcript

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19
Q

RNA pol I

A

transcribes tRNA

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20
Q

RNA pol II

A

transcribes mRNA and some snRNA

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21
Q

RNA pol III

A

transcribes tRNA and some other small RNA

22
Q

common promoter region

A

TATA box

23
Q

for transcript to leave the nucleus into cytoplasm it needs

A

5’ cap
3’ poly-A tail
removal of non-coding sequences (introns)

24
Q

organelle responsible for removing introns and splicing exons together

A

splicesome

25
Q

non-coding sequences

A

introns

26
Q

sequences that will be translated

A

exons

27
Q

what is alternative splicing?

A

recombination of different exons

28
Q

importance of alternative splicing

A

major source of genetic diversity in eukaryotes

29
Q

final 3-D structure of tRNA

A

L-Shaped structure

30
Q

tRNA carry

A

amino acids to ribosome to make polypeptide

31
Q

P Site

A

binds the tRNA attached to growing peptide chain

32
Q

A site

A

binds the tRNA carrying next amino acid

33
Q

E site

A

binds the tRNA that carried the last amino acid

34
Q

2 primary functions of the ribosome

A

decode mRNA
form peptide bonds

35
Q

enzyme component of the ribosome that forms peptide bonds between amino acids

A

peptidyl transferase

36
Q

translation initiation

A

joining of 5’ end of mRNA with large and small ribosomal subunit

37
Q

first tRNA molecule in translation is at

A

P Site

38
Q

translation elongation

A

requires elongation factors
addition of amino acids
charged tRNA binds to A site
peptidyl transferase forms peptide bond
ribosome moves down the mRNA in 5’ to 3’ direction

39
Q

wobble phenomenon

A

allows less stringent pairing between 3’ base of the codon and the 5’ base of anticodon

40
Q

translation termination

A

elongation continues until stop codon
stop codons recognized by release factors

41
Q

point mutation

A

alter single base
classification of mutation

42
Q

silent mutation

A

substitute one base for another doesn’t change amino acid

43
Q

missense mutation

A

substitutes one base for another cause coding for another amino acid

44
Q

nonsense mutation

A

subsites one base for another, coded for stop codon

45
Q

frameshift mutation

A

caused by insertion or deletion of a single base

46
Q

triple repeat expansion mutation

A

sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides are repeated many times

47
Q

chromosomal mutation

A

change structure of chromosome

48
Q

deletion

A

part of chromosome is lost

49
Q

duplication

A

part of chromosome is copied

50
Q

inversion

A

part of the chromosome in reverse order

Biology 1 (11 decks)

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