Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals > Ch 39: Oxygenation and perfusion > Flashcards

Ch 39: Oxygenation and perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integrity of an airway allow
(2 things)

What is the area of a system in the lungs remove and what does it oxygenate

A

Integrity of an airway allows

  1. Transportation of air to and from lungs
  2. Properly functioning alveolar system in lungs

Aveolar system in the lungs removes carbon dioxide from blood And oxygenates venous blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is a properly functioning cardiovascular and hematologic system needed

A

Proper cardiovascular and hematologic system needed to:

-Carry nutrients/wastes to and from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the upper respiratory system name the components

What is an example of an interruption in the upper respiratory airway

  • what can these people not do
  • how do they protect their trachea
A

Upper respiratory system function:
-warm filter humidify air

Components: nose pharynx larynx

 upper respiratory airway interruption =tracheostomy

  • those were tracheostomies cannot warm filter humidify air
  •  for this reason they must wear something over the trachea to protect it



How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the lower airway

Nina components of the lower airway

A

Lower airway:

  • conduction of air
  • where gas exchange occurs
  • mucociliary clearance : sweeping of irritance an excess mucus out
  • and production of surfactant

Trachea ➡️bronchi➡️ bronchioles ➡️alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the lungs composed of

What is the only location in the body that arteries carries deoxygenated blood

Name the blood type:
Pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins

A

Lungs composed of elastic tissue (Aveloi, surfactant, pleura)

The pulmonary circulation is the only place in the body that arteries carry deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary arteries: deoxygenated
Pulmonary veins: oxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If person is not in distress/having difficulty with the respiratory system how is pulmonary ventilation described

What phase of ventilation is inspiration
What phase of ventilation is  expiration

A

If not distress/difficulties respiration system or pulmonary ventilation is automatic

Inspiration: active phase of ventilation
Expiration: passive phase of ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the process of ventilation in simple terms

A

Diaphragm descends lengthening thoracic cavity

External intercostal muscles contract lifting ribs up and out

Sternum pushed forward enlarging of chest

➡️ increase in thoracic cavity decrease in intrapulmonary pressure as cavity expands and 02 enters 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q



What is gas exchange (respiration) referred to as

What makes gas exchange (respiration) possible

Define diffusion (where does oxygen move to) 

Define profusion

A

Gas exchange (respiration): intake of 02 release of CO2

Gas exchange possible by respiration and perfusion

Diffusion:
-movement of O2 from inspired area ➡️circulatory system ➡️ aveloi ➡️ expiration

Perfusion:
-blood supply From capillary blood through the body tissues



How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does gas exchange occur

How many walls do Avioli and capillaries have and why

A

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli

Alveoli and capillaries have 1 cell thick wall
-thin walls allow for exchange of gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What influences diffusion of gases in the lungs

A

Change in surface area available:
-Excess mucus decreases aveloi function/pneumonia

 thickening of areolar capillary membrane

Partial pressure: MUST HAVE PRESS GRADIENT

Solubility and molecular weight of gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

 what carries oxygen in the body

  • name oxygen carried by RBC
  •  name CO2 carried by hemoglobin

What does it mean to say internal respiration between circulating blood and tissue cells must occur
Goes
Give and take

A

Plasma and RBCs carry oxygen in body

  • RBC caring O2 = oxyhemoglobin
  • hemoglobin carrying CO2 = carboxyhemoglobin

To say internal respiration must occur is to say that:

  • circulatory System takes oxygenated blood to tissues and cells
  • takes oxygen gives CO2 to be expired
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define 

  1. hypoxia + reasons
  2. dyspnea
  3. hypoventilation + Reasons
A 
1. Hypoxia: inadequate oxygen
Reasons
-excess mucus
-higher elevation
-Pneumothorax
  1. dyspnea: difficulty breathing
  2. hypoventilation: decrease rate or depth of air into lung 
    Reasons
    -OD
    -metabolic imbalances: to conserve CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What must function well for the respiratory system to function

Why must The cardiovascular system be at peak function

A

The cardiovascular system must function well for the respiratory system to function

Unless cardiovascular system is at peak function fluid will build up and back up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alterations in the cardiovascular system

How does Dysrhythmia/arrhythmia affect the blood supply

What does myocardial ischemia lead to

What does heart failure lead to in reference to blood

Name the five issues that affect the function of the respiratory system
(2 already mentioned) 

A

Dysrhythmias and arrhythmias affect blood supply by
-shortening gas exchange
Leading to impaired tissue perfusion

Myocardial ischemia leads to lack of heart blood flow due to weakness

Heart failure leads to ineffective pumping and blood backing up

  1. Dysrhythmia/arrhythmia
  2. Myocardial ischemia
  3. Angina
  4. MI
  5. Heart failure
    
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are a few factors affecting cardio pulmonary function and oxygenation

A
  • General level of health
  • development considerations
  • medications
  • lifestyle considerations
  • environmental
  • psychological/health considerations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the lungs transform in infants

Describe an infants chest and what a potential problem may be because of their chest characteristics

How do you describe the respiratory rate of an infant and where does the activity come from

What is normally heard at the end of respiration for infants

A

Lungs are transformed from fluid filled to airfield organs in infants

Infants chest characteristics:
- small
- short airways 
-don’t cough
! Due to characteristics ASPIRATION is a potential problem!

Respiratory rate is rapid
respiratory activity is from abdominal

At the end of respirations in INFANT CRACKLES ARE NORMAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

 what is surfactant needed to do ?

when does surfactant usually develop
-what can you do for preemies

A

 surfactant is needed to keep lungs open (expended)

Surfactant usually develops 34–36 weeks gestation
• can be given synthetically to preemies to open aveloi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In children:

Why are landmarks less prominent

What is elongated and less angular

What are children most prone to and what can help decrease this

At the end of late childhood what does the immune system protect from

A

Landmarks less prominent due to subcutaneous fat deposited in chest wall

Estacion tubes, bronchi, bronchioles are elongated and less angular

Children are more prone to otitis media and colds So good hygiene and tissue etiquette are encouraged

 at the end of late childhood immune system protect V most infections

19
Q

In your older adults:

Why are landmarks more prominent

What are two major older adult considerations that affect (decrease) how well the respiratory muscles work

What do tissues and airways become how does the diaphragm move

What is the most common disease in your elderly respiratory tract 

A

Older:

Landmarks more prominent due to loss of subcutaneous fat

Kyphosis and barrel chest both decrease how well the respiratory muscles work

Tissues/always become rigid diaphragm moves less effectively

* PNEMONIA * is most common in older



20
Q

When obtaining a nursing history regarding the cardio pulmonary system

Why do you want to determine what kind of care is needed

What actions do you want to identify by the patient

What do you want to make use of and why

A

When obtaining a nursing history

  • you want to determine what kind of cares needed to meet any sufficient intake of air
  • identify actions performed by the patient for meeting respiratory needs
  • Make use of aids to improve in take a favor and effects on lifestyle
21
Q

Describe the following breath sounds

Bronchial
broncovesicular
vesicular

A

Bronchial: LOUD high pitched
- over trachea

Bronco vesicular: medium pitch
-over bronchial tree /intercostal area

Vesicular: NORMAL!!!
Low, soft pitched
-over most of lung

22
Q

Define crackles
How are crackles classified

Define wheezes
How are wheezes classified

A 
Crackles: CONTAINING FLUID intermittent
• classified: fine medium or coarse

Wheezes: continuous musical sounds by air passing through constricted narrowed airways (swollen)
• classified as:
-sibilant (musical)
-sonorous (snoring)
23
Q

Diagnostic methods to assess Carter pulmonary function

What is the first cardiac test done defined it

 If first cardiac test indicates low blood what is the next describe it

A

#1 cardiac test is Cardiac stress test
:  shows if heart show signs of distress

If low blood then cardiac coronary catheterization done

  • shows how Well coronary arteries fill
  • shows constrictions and non-perfusing side



24
Q

Common diagnostic methods to assess cardio pulmonary function (other)

Echocardiogram (ECG) 
endoscopic studies
 Holter monitor 
lung scan 
skin test 
radiography
A

ECG

  • ultrasound of heart
  • looks at valves, blood flow, leaks

Holter monitor
-Records heart activity for days used to look at specific intervals

Lung scan
-Insurers lung perfusion and new occlusions

Skin test: PPD

Radiography = X RAY



25
Q

Define tidal volume

Define vital capacity

Define forced vital capacity
-using what

Define forced expiratory volume

A

Tidal volume
: total amount of air inhaled/exhaled in 1 breath

Vital capacity
: maximum amount of air exhaled after maximum inhalation

Forced vital capacity
:Maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled
***BEST OF 3 using Peak flow

Forced expiratory volume
: amount of air exhaled in a specific time interval


26
Q

Define total lung capacity

define residual volume

define peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

A

Total lung capacity
: amount of air in lung with maximum inspiration

Residual volume
:out of air left in lung after MAX expiration

Peak expiratory flow rate
:maximum flow obtained during forced vital capacity
*** FIN # POST 3 cycles

27
Q

What are nursing interventions we want to promote for adequate respiratory function

A
  • pollution free environment NO SMOKING
  • promote optimal functioning
  • promote comfort

-promote proper breathing:
•INCENTIVE SPIROMETRY
• pursed lip breathing,
•diaphragmatic breathing

  • meeting oxygenation needs with medication
  • encourage home cleanliness
28
Q

What are great ways to promote proper breathing

A

Using deep breathing/diaphragmatic breathing

Use incentive spirometry

Pursed lip breathing: COPD

29
Q

Where are chest tubes inserted between what do chest tubes remove from the lung cavity

What do you want to monitor in someone with a chest tube

How should the dressing of someone with the chest tube be

What is most vital to maintain when using a chest tube

A

Chest tubes inserted between chess wall and lung

Chest tubes remove air or long that has gotten into cavity

Monitor respiratory status and vital signs

Check the dressing is tight not allowing air to escape

Most vital!
MAINTAIN PATENECY AND INTEGRITY Of drainage system

30
Q

When should cough suppressant be used

What are expectorants used for
-what is achieved

what are lozenges used for primarily

A

Cough suppressants used if dry hacking cough with pain and chest/stomach 

Expectorant used to cough up mucus
-achieve better breathing

Lozenges primarily used for sorethroat

31
Q

Give the three simple steps in the Coughing mechanism

A

Air in
Freshly send air out
Dislodge secretions

32
Q

What does sitting patient up straight make sure

what does it help with

when do you sit a patient up

A

Makes sure patient is receiving oxygen

Sitting a patient up straight helps with secretions

Set a patient up when:

  • feeding
  • normal activities
  • pneumonia
  • breathing issues
33
Q

What does the action of maintaining adequate fluid intake make easier

What are other ways to promote patient comfort

A

Maintaining adequate fluid intake makes mucco cellular action easier by making thin watery secretions

  • Provide humidified air
  • perform chest physiotherapy
34
Q

Who is the primary audience to do chest physiotherapy on who do you avoid and what is chest physiotherapy

A

Chest physiotherapy primarily for cystic fibrosis
🚫 COPD

Chest physiotherapy: chest taps to move secretions (Lucian) to cough out

35
Q

What is the function of: 

-bronchodilators
-nebulizers
-meter dose inhalers
-dry powder inhalers

A

Bronchodilators: open narrowed airways

Nebulizers: find particles a liquid (vapor) into deeper passages of respiratory tract

Metered dose inhaler‘s: deliver CONTROLLED dose of medication with compression

Dry powder inhaler’s: BREATH ACTIVATED delivery of med
🚫shake

36
Q

Describe a nasal cannula

When is a simple mask used

Why would you use a partial rebreather mask

What is the percentage of oxygen given in a nonrebreather mask

What does a Venturi mask allow for

What oxygen delivery systems do you use in your younger children

A

Nasal cannula is oxygen entering through two prongs into 2 nares

Simple mask used if not maintaining oxygen with nasal cannula
-gives higher % of oxygen

Use a partial rebreather mask to give even higher percentage of oxygen v mask

Nonrebreather masks give 100% of
oxygen

Venturi mask a law suggesting of percentage of oxygen given

In children

  • teng
  • naso/transtracheal Catheter



37
Q

When giving oxygen what do you want to avoid and place signs of

What do you want to check for for the risk of

What item do you want to avoid wearing that build up static electricity

what do you want to avoid using that ignites spontaneously in oxygen

A

When giving oxygen:

  • AVOID 🚫 Open flames/smoking
  • place sign V smoking
  • check electrical equipment to avoid sparks
  • avoid wearing synthetic fabrics that build up static electricity
  •  Avoid using oils that ignite spontaneously and oxygen
38
Q

What do you want to establish if you cannot get air into the patient with an Ambu bag

A

Establish in oral pharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway if you cannot get air into the patient with an Ambu bag

39
Q

When do you insert an endotracheal tube

A

If patient is unable to regain spontaneous respiration insert an endotracheal tube to ventilate

40
Q

When is a tracheostomy in certain

A

Tracheostomies in certain if there is trauma above the trachea

41
Q

How do you insert an artificial airways

What is an obturator and what Is its purpose

A

Insurance artificial airway by pulling the tongue out and out of the way opening a path for the air

An obturator Is a stiff deal that goes inside of a trach when you’re insulting to allow for insertion certain

42
Q

What are the actions you will take if a patient needs cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CPR

A

1: check Pulse

Perform CAB patient needs CPR

•IF NO PULSE!

• if patient does not start breathing spontaneously after airway opening
#4 B-reathing give two breaths lasting one second each
43
Q

What are expected outcomes related to oxygenation perfusion

A

Expected outcomes:

Improved gas exchange in lungs by:

  • no cyanosis
  • no chest pain
  • pulse ox +95

Relate the causet of factor and demonstrate adaptive method of coping

Preserve pulmonary function by maintaining optimal level of activity (encourage staying active)

Demonstrate self-care behaviors that provide relief from symptoms and prevent further problems

Fundamentals (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions