6 Electrolytes

Question 1

Sodium

Normal levels

Causes of hypo/hyper natremia

Greatest manifestations hypo/hyper Natremia

Treatments for hypo/hyper natremia

Answer 1

Sodium: Na

Normal: 135 to 145 mEq/L

 Hypo natremia:
• causes
    -*diuretics( sodium loss or water gain)
    -sweating
• manifestations: 
   -confusion/ ⬇️BP
   - edema
   -cerebral edema 
    -seizures
•Treatment:
   -hypertonic oral and IV solutions
   -Salt

Hypernatremia:
•causes
   -fluid deprivation (losses, not enough)
• manifestations
   -thirst
   -decrease LOC/disoriented
   -NEUROLOGICAL
• treatment:
-water intake 
-low sodium 
-diuretics

Question 2

Potassium

Normal levels

Causes of hypo/hyper Kalemia

Greatest manifestations hypo/hyper Kalemia

Treatments for hypo/hyper Kalemia

Answer 2

Potassium: K

Normal: 3.5 to 5mEq/L

Hypokalemia
•Causes
-vomiting
-gastric suctioning
•Manifestations
! Cardiac dysrhythmias! 
-*Muscle weakness
-*leg cramps
•Treatment
-Foods high in potassium
-slow IV push

Hyper kalemia
•causes
-Renal failure
-meds (heparin, ace inhibitors, K sparing diuretics)
•Manifestations
! Cardiac dysrhythmias!
-Muscle weakness
-N/V/D
•Treatment
-Loop diuretics
-Sodium polystyrene sulfate

Question 3

Calcium

Normal levels

Causes of hypo/hyper Calcemia

Greatest manifestations hypo/hyper calcemia

Treatments for hypo/hyper calcemia

Answer 3

Calcium: Ca

8 to 10 mg/dL

Hypocalcemia
•Causes
-Inadequate intake
•Manifestations HPYERREACTIVITY
-Numbness tingling 
-cramps
-tetany/Chevostek and trousuee sign 
•Treatment
-Calcium Food/IV 
-Vitamin D supplements

Hypercalcemia:
•Causes
-Hyper parathyroidism
•Manifestations
-lethargy/confusion
-Increased risk for kidney stones
-n/v
•Treatment
-Calcium restriction
-Increase fluids

Question 4

Magnesium

Normal levels

Causes of hypo/hyper Magnesemia

Greatest manifestations hypo/hyper Magnesemia

Treatments for hypo/hyper Magnesemia

Answer 4

Magnesium: MG

1.3 to 2.3 mEq per liter

Hypomagnesemia
•Causes
-NG section 
-alcohol
•Manifestations
-Muscle weakness
-HYPERactive DTR
•Treatment
-Foods high in magnesium/IV

Hyper Magnesemia 
•Causes:
-Renal failure
•Manifestations
-Lethargy
-LOSS OF DTR
-flushing
•Treatment
-Loop diuretics

Question 5

Phosphate

Normal levels

Causes of hypo/hyper Phosphatemia

Greatest manifestations hypo/hyper Phosphatemia

Treatments for hypo/hyper Phosphatemia

Answer 5

Phosphate: 2.5 to 4.5 mg/L

Hypophosphatemia
•Causes: 
-alcohol withdrawal
-DKA
-malnourished
•Manifestations:
-Irritability 
-paresthesia 
-confusion
•Treatment
-Oral and IV phosphate

Hyperphosphatemia
•Causes
-Impaired kidney excretion
-Hypo parathyroidism
•Manifestations
-Anorexia 
-tachycardia
•Treatments
-Decrease phosphate 
-increase fluids

Question 6

Chloride

Normal levels

Causes of hypo/hyper Chloremia

Greatest manifestations hypo/hyper chloremia

Treatments for hypo/hyper chloremia

Answer 6

Chloride: 96-106 mEq per liter

Hypochloremia
Causes 
Severe V/D
Metabolic alkalosis
Manifestations
Muscle hyperexcitability
Hyper active DTR
cramps 
Treatments 
Foods and IV solution ⬆️ in Cl

Hypercholeremia
Causes 
⬇️GFR
metabolic acidosis
Manifestations 
⬇️CO
⬇️cognitive abilitis
Treatment 
Food and IV solution⬆️ in Cl