Ch. 38 (Urinary Elimination) Flashcards
How much urine volume do adults produce every day?
1500-2000mL/day
What urine volume amount prompts urgent concern?
less than 30mL/hr for more than 2 hrs
What urine volume falls above 2000mL/day?
polyuria
What urine volume falls below 400mL/day?
oliguria
What would be described as a total suppression of urine under 150 mL per day?
anuria
What are some characteristics of urination for children?
- toilet training: 2-3yrs old
- voluntary control begins: 18-24 months
What are some characteristics of urination for patients with prostate enlargement?
- urinary frequency increases (starting 40 yrs)
- retention
- incontinence
- increased risk of UTIs
What process is described as the bladder and urethral sphincter contracting and the pelvic floor muscles relaxing?
voiding
What are some characteristics of urination for patients who are pregnant?
- increase renal output
- relaxation of sphincter
- greater risks of UTIs
What are some characteristics of urination for patients in post-menopause?
- decreased tone due to low estrogen levels
- urgency
- stress incontinence
- increased risk of UTI
What are some characteristics of urination for patients with older adults?
- fewer nephrons
- ineffective emptying of the bladder -> increasing risk of UTIs
- increase risk of nocturia
What can occur as a result of impaired mobility due to difficulty transferring to the bathroom?
incontinence
What kind of medications cause urinary retention?
- antihistamines
- anticholinergics
What kind of medication prevents the reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes in tubules?
diuretics
What kind of medications suppress the CNS and diminish effectiveness of neural reflex?
- analgesics
- tranquilizers
What kind of medication changes the color of urine to red urine?
anticoagulants
What kind of medication changes the color of urine to pale yellow urine?
diuretics
What kind of medication changes the color of urine to orange or orange-red urine?
pyridium
What kind of medication changes the color of urine to green or blue-green urine?
- amitriptyline
- B-complex vitamins
What kind of medication changes the color of urine to brown or black urine?
levodopa
What describes the accumulation of urine due to the inability of the bladder to empty?
urinary retention
What describes the involuntary leakage of urine?
urinary incontinence
What kind of urinary incontinence is caused by the bladder being full and urine leaking?
overflow incontinence
What kind of urinary incontinence is cuased by an overactive bladder causng urgency?
urge incontinence
What kind of urinary incontinence is caused by weak pelvic muscles and abdominal pressure associated with effort or exertion?
stress incontinence
Who is at risk for urinary tract infections?
- sexually active women
- women who use diaphragams
- postmenopausal women
- individuals with diabetes
- uncircumcised clients
- use of indwelling catheters
- older adults
What is a temporary or permanent mechanism that reroutes the urine?
urinary diversion
What are small tubes tunneled through the skin into the renal pelvis and are placed to drain the renal pelvis when the ureter is obstructed?
nephrostomy tubes
What will show on the labs for a UTI?
- positive nitrates
- leukocyte esterase (WBCs)
- bacteria
What is a random nonsterile urine specimen called?
urinalysis
What do we famously use to get sterile urine specimen for culture and sensitivity?
catheter
What kind of catheter is an indwelling catheter with a inflated balloon?
the foley/urinary (baloon) catheter
What kind of catheter is without the balloon and are used for clean intermittent catheterization?
straight catheter
What kind of catheter can be used to instill medications or continuous bladder irrigation?
tripe lumen (three-way)
What kind of catheter has a semirigid curved tip for prostate enlargement?
the coude (curved) catheter
What are some important notes when hanging a catheter drainage system?
- hang bag below bladder (urine flows with gravity)
- never touch the floor
- assess for clots or kinks in tube
What instills sterile solution into the bladder and allows it to drain out?
closed catheter irrigation
What disconnects the catheter from the drainage bag and instils irrigating soution?
open irrigation
not recommended due to risk of infection
What causes incontinence until neobladder slowly stretches and urinary sphicter is strong enough to contain urine?
orthopic neobladder
What skin infection is associated with incontinence?
incontinence associated dermatitis
