Ch. 25 (Asepsis & Infection Control) Flashcards
What is defined as an invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms?
infection
What is defined as the collection of organisms typically
present in any anatomical region?
normal flora
What does normal flora do?
prevent harmful bacteria from invading the body
What is defined as presence and growth of microorganisms within a host without tissue invasion or damage?
colonization
What are examples of infectious agents?
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- parasites
What is defined as the infectious process transmitted from
one person to another?
communicable disease
What is defined as the state where clinical signs and symptoms are present?
symptomatic
What is defined as the state where clinical signs and symptoms are not present?
asymptomatic
What is a process that can break the transmission of infection?
chain of infection
What is defined as the tendency to spread infection?
transmissibility
What is defined as the severity or harmfulness of an infection?
virulence
What is defined as the ability to produce disease?
pathogenicity
What is something that belongs to particular people or a country?
endemic
What is a greater-than-anticipated increase in the number of endemic cases?
outbreak
What is a disease that affects a large number of people within a community, population, or region?
epidemic
What is an epidemic that’s spread over multiple countries or continents?
pandemic
What is the most significent and commonly found infection-causing agent in healthcare institutions?
bacteria
What is a habitat where a pathogen can survive, multiply and await transfer to a host?
reservoir
What are different portal of exit/entry?
different ways pathogens can enter or exit the body
- skin & mucous membranes
- respiratory tract
- urinary tract
- gastrointestinal tract
- reproductive tract
- blood
What is defined as the way a pathogen moves from reservoir to a suspectible host?
means/mode of transmission
What are the types of means/mode of transmissions?
- direct transmission
- indirect transmission
What are the different types of direct transmissions?
- vertical: trans-placental
- droplet
What kind of means/mode of transmissions are through person-to-person contact?
direct transmission
What are the different types of indirect transmissions?
- fecal oral
- fomites (contaminated equipment)
- vehicles (food)
- airborne
- blood borne
- vectors (mosquitos..)
What kind of means/mode of transmissions are not through human-to-human contact?
indirect transmission
During the infrectious process…
What stage are you most likely to infect others?
prodromal stage (realization that you might be getting sick)
What are the stages in the infectious process?
- incubation period (exposure to the pathogen)
- prodromal stage (realization that you might be getting sick)
- illness stage (experiencing symptoms)
- convalescent period (still a little sick but you are slowly getting better)
During an inflammatory and immune response, what happens vascularly?
- vasodilation (increase blood flow causing redness & heat)
- histamine released (permeability increased)
During an inflammatory and immune response, what happens cellularly?
- leukocytes/neutrophils consume debris
- exudate (pus) is released
- damaged cells are repaired
What are some cardinal signs of acute infection in older adults/elderly?
atypical findings such as agitation, confusion or incontinence
What is the normal WBC count?
5-10,000/mm3
What lab data are signs of acute infection?
- elevated WBC count
- increase in specific types of WBC (left shift=increase in neutrophils)
- elevated erthrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- presence of pathogens
What are techniques to prevent contamination from pathogens?
aseptic technique
What are two types of aseptic techniques?
- medical asepsis
- surgical asepsis
What type of aseptic technique is classified as a clean technique?
medical asepsis
What type of aseptic technique is classified as a sterile technique?
surgical asepsis
What kind of bacterial flora is attached loosely on skin and removed with relative ease?
transient
What kind of bacterial flora is increasingly found in skin and requires friction with brush to remove?
resident
What kind of health care-associated infection is from microorganisms outside the individual?
exogenous source
What kind of health-care associated infection is from inside the client when flora is altered?
endogenous source
What kind of health-care associated infection is from a procedure and antibiotics?
iatrogenic
What four categories is responsible for majority of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs)?
- catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
- surgical site infection (SSI)
- central-line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
- ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
What is a process of washing, cleaning or removing dirt, and eliminates dust, debris and germs on the surface but does not kill germs, just removes them lowering the risk of spreading infection?
sanitizing
What is a process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception of bacterial spores, from inanimate objects?
disinfection
What is a process that completely eliminates or destroys all microorganisms, including spores?
sterilization
What is the main CDC recommendations to prevent C. DIFF infection?
- perform meticulous hand hygiene
What is the order to donning (putting on PPE)?
- gown
- mask or respirator
- googles or face shield
- gloves
What is the order to doffing (taking off PPE)?
- gloves
- goggles
- gown
- mask or respirator
tip: alphabetical order
When would you need to apply PPE?
- specimen collection
- bagging trash & linen
- transporting patients
- prevent occupational exposures
What is a simple, consistent and effective approach to infection control that minimizes contact with blood and body substances by utilizing safe work practices and protective barriers?
standard precautions
What is the separation and restriction of movement of ill persons wtih contagious disease?
isolation
When is standard precaution done?
for every patient all the time
What are the different transmission-based precautions used?
- airborne
- droplet
- contact
When is protective environment used?
for neutropenic patients (preventing them from getting sick due to small WBC)
What are designed to supplement standard precautinos in patients with documented or suspected infection of highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogens?
transmission-based precautions
What kind of transmission-based precautions are characterized as specially equipped rooms with a private negative air floor room?
airborne precautions
What kind of PPE is used during an airborne precaution?
- N95 respirator/PAPR
- sometimes full face-protection (face shield, goggles, mask)
What kind of PPE is used during a droplet precaution?
- surgical mask
- eye protection/goggles
What kind of PPE is used during a contact precaution?
- (isolation) gown
- gloves
What kind of transmission-based precautions are characterized as specially equipped rooms with a private positive air floor room?
protective environment precaution
What kind of PPE is used for protective environment precaution?
gloves
Why is douching bad?
removes normal bacteria
What precaution does tuberculosis fall under (besides standard)?
airborne
Changing bed linens require what kind of safety precaution?
standard
