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Biology > Ch. 37 - The Human Defence System > Flashcards

Ch. 37 - The Human Defence System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is an organism that causes disease.

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2
Q

What is immunity?

A

Immunity is the ability to resist infection.

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3
Q

What is the general defense system?

A

The general defense system acts as a barrier to all pathogens attempting to gain entry to the human body.

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4
Q

What is the specific defense system?

A

The specific defense system also known as the immune system attacks particular pathogens using antibodies or by killing infected cells.

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5
Q

Detail the role of the skin in the general defense system.

A

The skin is a physical barrier preventing the entry of pathogens.

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6
Q

Detail the role of blood clotting in the general defense system.

A

If the skin is broken, platelets clot to prevent entry of pathogens.

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7
Q

Detail the role of lysozomes in the general defense system.

A

Lysozomes are an enzyme found in sweat and saliva that attack pathogens (by dissolving their cell wall).

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8
Q

Detail the role of sebaceous glands in the general defense system.

A

Sebaceous glands produce sebum which kills pathogens.

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9
Q

Detail the role of mucus in the general defense system.

A

Mucus traps pathogens and are denied entry in this way.

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10
Q

Detail the role of cilia in the general defense system.

A

Cilia beat upwards to move mucus back up the respiratory system to be coughed out.

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11
Q

Detail the role of acid in the general defense system.

A

HCl in the stomach kills pathogens.

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12
Q

Detail the role of bacteria in the general defense system.

A

Bacteria in the vagina produce lactic acid preventing the growth of pathogens.

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13
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Phagocytes are white blood cells that surround and ingest pathogens. Large phagocytes are called macrophages.

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14
Q

Name 2 sets of defence proteins.

A

Complement(set of 20 proteins) and interferons(prevent viral multiplication).

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15
Q

What do monocytes develop into?

A

Monocytes develop into macrophages.

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16
Q

What is an antigen?

A

An antigen (antibody generator) is a foreign molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies.

17
Q

What is an antibody?

A

An antibody is a protein produced by lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen.

18
Q

What is induced immunity?

A

Induced immunity is the ability to resist disease caused by specific pathogens by the production of antibodies.

19
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Active immunity involves the production of a person’s own antibodies in response to antigens that enter the body.

20
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A vaccine is a non disease causing dose of a pathogen which triggers the production of antibodies. This induces artificial active immunity. A vaccination is a vaccine’s administration (by injection).

21
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Passive immunity occurs when individuals are given antibodies that were formed by another organism. This gives short term resistance to infections.

22
Q

Differentiate between natural and artificial passive immunity.

A

Natural passive immunity occurs when a child gets antibodies from their mother. Through the placenta or by breastfeeding. Artificial passive immunity is done by injection.

23
Q

What is immunisation?

A

Immunisation occurs when we produce or are injected with antibodies against a pathogen. Vaccination results in immunisation.

24
Q

What is a plasma B cell?

A

A plasma B cell produces antibodies. They mature in bone marrow.

25
Q

What is a memory B cell?

A

A memory B cell survives long after infection and makes the specific antibody if the same pathogen later enters the body. They mature in bone marrow.

26
Q

What is a helper T cell?

A

A helper T cell stimulates B cells and killer T cells. They mature in the thymus gland.

27
Q

What is a killer T cell?

A

A killer T cell destroys abnormal human body cells. They mature in the thymus gland.

28
Q

What is a suppressor T cell?

A

A suppressor T cell inhibits the immune response. They mature in the thymus gland.

29
Q

What is a memory T cell?

A

A memory T cell survives long after infection and stimulates B cells and killer T cells if the same pathogen later enters the body.

30
Q

Name organs in the human body that are specific to the defense system.

A

Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils.

Biology (34 decks)

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