Ch. 36 - The Skeleton And Muscles

Question 1

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Answer 1

Functions of the skeleton include support, protection, movement, shape and manufacture of blood components.

Question 2

How many bones does an adult human have?

Answer 2

206

Question 3

What is the axial skeleton?

Answer 3

The axial skeleton consists of the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.

Question 4

How many bones make up the different parts of the vertebrae?

Answer 4

From top to bottom:
7 vertebrae in the cervical region. 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region. 5 vertebrae in the lumbar region. 5 vertebrae in the sacrum and 4 vertebrae in the coccyx region.

Question 5

What is the function of the discs in between vertebrae?

Answer 5

The discs act as shock absorbers and protect the vertebrae.

Question 6

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 6

The appendicular skeleton is composed of the limbs (arms and legs), the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle.

Question 7

What is the pectoral girdle?

Answer 7

The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and the scapula.

Question 8

What is the pelvic girdle?

Answer 8

The pelvic girdle is composed of 2 halves of the hip joined to the sacrum.

Question 9

What is the function of cartilage?

Answer 9

Cartilage protects bones as a shock absorber and allows friction free movement.

Question 10

What is compact bone? What is its function?

Answer 10

Compact bone is made of bone-forming cells. Ca salts give compact bone its strength and protein gives it flexibility.

Question 11

What is spongy bone? What is its function?

Answer 11

Spongy bone is similar to compact bone but it contains numerous hollows. Spongy bone makes blood cells and gives strength and rigidity to the skeleton.

Question 12

What is an osteoblast?

Answer 12

An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell. They produce collagen.

Question 13

What is a growth plate?

Answer 13

A growth plate is the area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis in a long bone within which bone growth occurs.

Question 14

What is an osteoclast?

Answer 14

An osteoclast is a bone digesting cell.

Question 15

What is a joint?

Answer 15

A joint is where 2 or more bones meet.

Question 16

What are immovable joints?

Answer 16

Immovable joints (sutures) include the skull and pelvic girdle. They provide strength, support and protection.

Question 17

Give examples of slightly movable joints.

Answer 17

Upper vertebrae are connected by slightly movable joints. These ligaments limit the amount of movement possible in order to protects the nerves of the spinal chord.

Question 18

What is synovial fluid?

Answer 18

Synovial fluid is produced in movable joints for lubrication and to reduce friction.

Question 19

Give examples of synovial joints.

Answer 19

Ball and socket joints ( shoulder, hip), hinge joints (elbow, knee).

Question 20

What is a ligament?

Answer 20

Ligaments are strong, fibrous, slightly elastic tissues that connect bone to bone.

Question 21

What is a tendon?

Answer 21

A tendon is a strong, flexible, inelastic fibre that connects muscle to bone.

Question 22

Arthritis
-cause
-symptoms
-prevention
-treatment

Answer 22

Arthritis is a skeletal disorder resulting from inflammation of a joint. Osteoarthritis is caused by cartilage in synovial joints wearing down. The underlying bones enlarge and more synovial fluid forms. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease, caused by genetics.
Pain, stiffness, tenderness, loss of flexibility, grating sensation.
Wearing proper footwear, avoiding high impact exercise.
No cure. Rest, exercise, weight loss, anti-inflammatory medication, steroids, surgery.

Question 23

What are the 3 types of muscles?

Answer 23

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle.

Question 24

What is skeletal muscle?

Answer 24

Skeletal muscle is the only voluntarily controlled muscle. They move the body. They contract quickly but also tire easily.

Question 25

What is smooth muscle?

Answer 25

Smooth muscle is under involuntary control. It contracts slowly, and is slow to tire. It is found in internal organs.

Question 26

What is cardiac muscle?

Answer 26

Cardiac muscle is found in the heart. It has many mitochondria, does not tire and is involuntary.

Question 27

What is an antagonistic pair?

Answer 27

An antagonistic pair is 2 muscles that have opposite effects to each other. (biceps and triceps)