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General Bio 1106 > Ch. 36 sensory systems > Flashcards

Ch. 36 sensory systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

audition

A

sense of hearing

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2
Q

basilar membrane

A

stiff structure in the cochlea that indirectly anchors auditory receptors

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3
Q

bipolar neuron

A

neuron with two processes from the cell body, typically in opposite directions

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4
Q

candela

A

(cd) unit of measurement of luminous intensity (brightness)

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5
Q

circadian

A

describes a time cycle about one day in length

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6
Q

cochlea

A

whorled structure that contains receptors for transduction of the mechanical wave into an electrical signal

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7
Q

cone

A

weakly photosensitive, chromatic, cone-shaped neuron in the fovea of the retina that detects bright light and is used in daytime color vision

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8
Q

fovea

A

region in the center of the retina with a high density of photoreceptors and which is responsible for acute vision

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9
Q

free nerve ending

A

ending of an afferent neuron that lacks a specialized structure for detection of sensory stimuli; some respond to touch, pain, or temperature

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10
Q

glabrous

A

describes the non-hairy skin found on palms and fingers, soles of feet, and lips of humans and other primates

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11
Q

glomerulus

A

in the olfactory bulb, one of the two neural clusters that receives signals from one type of olfactory receptor

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12
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

muscular proprioceptive tension receptor that provides the sensory component of the Golgi tendon reflex

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13
Q

gustation

A

sense of taste

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14
Q

hyperopia

A

(also, farsightedness) visual defect in which the image focus falls behind the retina, thereby making images in
the distance clear, but close-up images blurry

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15
Q

incus

A

(also, anvil) second of the three bones of the middle ear

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16
Q

inner ear

A

innermost part of the ear; consists of the cochlea and the vestibular system

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17
Q

iris

A

pigmented, circular muscle at the front of the eye that regulates the amount of light entering the eye

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18
Q

kinesthesia

A

sense of body movement

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19
Q

labyrinth

A

bony, hollow structure that is the most internal part of the ear; contains the sites of transduction of auditory and vestibular information

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20
Q

lens

A

transparent, convex structure behind the cornea that helps focus light waves on the retina

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21
Q

malleus

A

(also, hammer) first of the three bones of the middle ear

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22
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

sensory receptor modified to respond to mechanical disturbance such as being bent, touch, pressure, motion, and sound

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23
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

(also, tactile corpuscle) encapsulated, rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to light touch

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24
Q

Merkel’s disc

A

unencapsulated, slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to touch

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25
Q

middle ear

A

part of the hearing apparatus that functions to transfer energy from the tympanum to the oval window of the
inner ear

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26
Q

muscle spindle

A

proprioceptive stretch receptor that lies within a muscle and that shortens the muscle to an optimal length for efficient contraction

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27
Q

myopia

A

(also,nearsightedness)visualdefectinwhichtheimagefocusfallsinfrontoftheretina,therebymakingimagesin the distance blurry, but close-up images clear

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28
Q

nociception

A

neural processing of noxious (such as damaging) stimuli

29
Q

odorant

A

airborne molecule that stimulates an olfactory receptor

30
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

31
Q

olfactory bulb

A

neural structure in the vertebrate brain that receives signals from olfactory receptors

32
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

specialized tissue in the nasal cavity where olfactory receptors are located

33
Q

olfactory receptor

A

dendrite of a specialized neuron

34
Q

organ of Corti

A

in the basilar membrane, the site of the transduction of sound, a mechanical wave, to a neural signal

35
Q

ossicle

A

one of the three bones of the middle ear

36
Q

outer ear

A

part of the ear that consists of the pinna, ear canal, and tympanum and which conducts sound waves into the middle ear

37
Q

oval window

A

thin diaphragm between the middle and inner ears that receives sound waves from contact with the stapes bone of the middle ear

38
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

encapsulated mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to deep pressure and vibration

39
Q

papilla

A

one of the small bump-like projections from the tongue

40
Q

perception

A

individual interpretation of a sensation; a brain function

41
Q

pheromone

A

substance released by an animal that can affect the physiology or behavior of other animals

42
Q

pinna

A

cartilaginous outer ear

43
Q

presbyopia

A

visualdefectinwhichtheimagefocusfallsbehindtheretina,therebymakingimagesinthedistanceclear,but close-up images blurry; caused by age-based changes in the lens

44
Q

proprioception

A

sense of limb position; used to track kinesthesia

45
Q

pupil

A

small opening though which light enters

46
Q

reception

A

receipt of a signal (such as light or sound) by sensory receptors

47
Q

receptive field

A

region in space in which a stimulus can activate a given sensory receptor

48
Q

receptor potential

A

membrane potential in a sensory receptor in response to detection of a stimulus

49
Q

retina

A

layer of photoreceptive and supporting cells on the inner surface of the back of the eye

50
Q

rhodopsin

A

main photopigment in vertebrates

51
Q

rod

A

strongly photosensitive, achromatic, cylindrical neuron in the outer edges of the retina that detects dim light and is used in peripheral and nighttime vision

52
Q

Ruffini ending

A

(also, bulbous corpuscle) slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to skin stretch and joint position

53
Q

semicircular canal

A

one of three half-circular, fluid-filled tubes in the vestibular labyrinth that monitors angular acceleration and deceleration

54
Q

sensory receptor

A

specialized neuron or other cells associated with a neuron that is modified to receive specific sensory input

55
Q

sensory transduction

A

conversion of a sensory stimulus into electrical energy in the nervous system by a change in the membrane potential

56
Q

stapes

A

(also, stirrup) third of the three bones of the middle ear

57
Q

stereocilia

A

in the auditory system, hair-like projections from hair cells that help detect sound waves

58
Q

superior colliculus

A

paired structure in the top of the midbrain, which manages eye movements and auditory integration

59
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that plays a role in the circadian cycle

60
Q

tastant

A

food molecule that stimulates gustatory receptors

61
Q

taste bud

A

clusters of taste cells

62
Q

tectorial membrane

A

cochlear structure that lies above the hair cells and participates in the transduction of sound at the hair cells

63
Q

tonic activity

A

in a neuron, slight continuous activity while at rest

64
Q

tympanum

A

(also, tympanic membrane or ear drum) thin diaphragm between the outer and middle ears

65
Q

ultrasound

A

sound frequencies above the human detectable ceiling of approximately 20,000 Hz

66
Q

umami

A

one of the five basic tastes, which is described as “savory” and which may be largely the taste of L-glutamate

67
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense of spatial orientation and balance

68
Q

vision

A

sense of sight

General Bio 1106 (6 decks)

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