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General Bio 1106 > Ch. 36 sensory systems > Flashcards

Ch. 36 sensory systems Flashcards

1
Q

audition

A

sense of hearing

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2
Q

basilar membrane

A

stiff structure in the cochlea that indirectly anchors auditory receptors

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3
Q

bipolar neuron

A

neuron with two processes from the cell body, typically in opposite directions

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4
Q

candela

A

(cd) unit of measurement of luminous intensity (brightness)

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5
Q

circadian

A

describes a time cycle about one day in length

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6
Q

cochlea

A

whorled structure that contains receptors for transduction of the mechanical wave into an electrical signal

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7
Q

cone

A

weakly photosensitive, chromatic, cone-shaped neuron in the fovea of the retina that detects bright light and is used in daytime color vision

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8
Q

fovea

A

region in the center of the retina with a high density of photoreceptors and which is responsible for acute vision

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9
Q

free nerve ending

A

ending of an afferent neuron that lacks a specialized structure for detection of sensory stimuli; some respond to touch, pain, or temperature

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10
Q

glabrous

A

describes the non-hairy skin found on palms and fingers, soles of feet, and lips of humans and other primates

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11
Q

glomerulus

A

in the olfactory bulb, one of the two neural clusters that receives signals from one type of olfactory receptor

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12
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

muscular proprioceptive tension receptor that provides the sensory component of the Golgi tendon reflex

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13
Q

gustation

A

sense of taste

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14
Q

hyperopia

A

(also, farsightedness) visual defect in which the image focus falls behind the retina, thereby making images in
the distance clear, but close-up images blurry

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15
Q

incus

A

(also, anvil) second of the three bones of the middle ear

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16
Q

inner ear

A

innermost part of the ear; consists of the cochlea and the vestibular system

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17
Q

iris

A

pigmented, circular muscle at the front of the eye that regulates the amount of light entering the eye

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18
Q

kinesthesia

A

sense of body movement

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19
Q

labyrinth

A

bony, hollow structure that is the most internal part of the ear; contains the sites of transduction of auditory and vestibular information

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20
Q

lens

A

transparent, convex structure behind the cornea that helps focus light waves on the retina

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21
Q

malleus

A

(also, hammer) first of the three bones of the middle ear

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22
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

sensory receptor modified to respond to mechanical disturbance such as being bent, touch, pressure, motion, and sound

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23
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

(also, tactile corpuscle) encapsulated, rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to light touch

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24
Q

Merkel’s disc

A

unencapsulated, slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to touch

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25
middle ear
part of the hearing apparatus that functions to transfer energy from the tympanum to the oval window of the inner ear
26
muscle spindle
proprioceptive stretch receptor that lies within a muscle and that shortens the muscle to an optimal length for efficient contraction
27
myopia
(also,nearsightedness)visualdefectinwhichtheimagefocusfallsinfrontoftheretina,therebymakingimagesin the distance blurry, but close-up images clear
28
nociception
neural processing of noxious (such as damaging) stimuli
29
odorant
airborne molecule that stimulates an olfactory receptor
30
olfaction
sense of smell
31
olfactory bulb
neural structure in the vertebrate brain that receives signals from olfactory receptors
32
olfactory epithelium
specialized tissue in the nasal cavity where olfactory receptors are located
33
olfactory receptor
dendrite of a specialized neuron
34
organ of Corti
in the basilar membrane, the site of the transduction of sound, a mechanical wave, to a neural signal
35
ossicle
one of the three bones of the middle ear
36
outer ear
part of the ear that consists of the pinna, ear canal, and tympanum and which conducts sound waves into the middle ear
37
oval window
thin diaphragm between the middle and inner ears that receives sound waves from contact with the stapes bone of the middle ear
38
Pacinian corpuscle
encapsulated mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to deep pressure and vibration
39
papilla
one of the small bump-like projections from the tongue
40
perception
individual interpretation of a sensation; a brain function
41
pheromone
substance released by an animal that can affect the physiology or behavior of other animals
42
pinna
cartilaginous outer ear
43
presbyopia
visualdefectinwhichtheimagefocusfallsbehindtheretina,therebymakingimagesinthedistanceclear,but close-up images blurry; caused by age-based changes in the lens
44
proprioception
sense of limb position; used to track kinesthesia
45
pupil
small opening though which light enters
46
reception
receipt of a signal (such as light or sound) by sensory receptors
47
receptive field
region in space in which a stimulus can activate a given sensory receptor
48
receptor potential
membrane potential in a sensory receptor in response to detection of a stimulus
49
retina
layer of photoreceptive and supporting cells on the inner surface of the back of the eye
50
rhodopsin
main photopigment in vertebrates
51
rod
strongly photosensitive, achromatic, cylindrical neuron in the outer edges of the retina that detects dim light and is used in peripheral and nighttime vision
52
Ruffini ending
(also, bulbous corpuscle) slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to skin stretch and joint position
53
semicircular canal
one of three half-circular, fluid-filled tubes in the vestibular labyrinth that monitors angular acceleration and deceleration
54
sensory receptor
specialized neuron or other cells associated with a neuron that is modified to receive specific sensory input
55
sensory transduction
conversion of a sensory stimulus into electrical energy in the nervous system by a change in the membrane potential
56
stapes
(also, stirrup) third of the three bones of the middle ear
57
stereocilia
in the auditory system, hair-like projections from hair cells that help detect sound waves
58
superior colliculus
paired structure in the top of the midbrain, which manages eye movements and auditory integration
59
suprachiasmatic nucleus
cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that plays a role in the circadian cycle
60
tastant
food molecule that stimulates gustatory receptors
61
taste bud
clusters of taste cells
62
tectorial membrane
cochlear structure that lies above the hair cells and participates in the transduction of sound at the hair cells
63
tonic activity
in a neuron, slight continuous activity while at rest
64
tympanum
(also, tympanic membrane or ear drum) thin diaphragm between the outer and middle ears
65
ultrasound
sound frequencies above the human detectable ceiling of approximately 20,000 Hz
66
umami
one of the five basic tastes, which is described as “savory” and which may be largely the taste of L-glutamate
67
vestibular sense
sense of spatial orientation and balance
68
vision
sense of sight

General Bio 1106 (6 decks)

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