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General Bio 1106 > Ch. 30 Plant Form and Physiology > Flashcards

Ch. 30 Plant Form and Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

abscisic acid (ABA)

A

plant hormone that induces dormancy in seeds and other organs

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2
Q

ABSCISSION

A

physiological process that leads to the fall of a plant organ (such as leaf or petal drop)

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3
Q

adventitious root

A

aboveground root that arises from a plant part other than the radicle of the plant embryo

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4
Q

apical bud

A

bud formed at the tip of the shoot

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5
Q

apical meristem

A

meristematic tissue located at the tips of stems and roots; enables a plant to extend in length

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6
Q

auxin

A

plant hormone that influences cell elongation (in phototropism), gravitropism, apical dominance and root growth

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7
Q

axillary bud

A

bud located in the axil: the stem area where the petiole connects to the stem

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8
Q

bark

A

tough, waterproof, outer epidermal layer of cork cells

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9
Q

bulb

A

modified underground stem that consists of a large bud surrounded by numerous leaf scales

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10
Q

Casparian strip

A

waxy coating that forces water to cross endodermal plasma membranes before entering the vascular cylinder, instead of moving between endodermal cells

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11
Q

chromophore

A

molecule that absorbs light

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12
Q

collenchyma cell

A

elongated plant cell with unevenly thickened walls; provides structural support to the stem and leaves

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13
Q

compound leaf

A

leaf in which the leaf blade is subdivided to form leaflets, all attached to the midrib

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14
Q

corm

A

rounded, fleshy underground stem that contains stored food

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15
Q

cortex

A

ground tissue found between the vascular tissue and the epidermis in a stem or root

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16
Q

crypto chrome

A

protein that absorbs light in the blue and ultraviolet regions of the light spectrum

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17
Q

cuticle

A

waxy protective layer on the leaf surface

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18
Q

cytokinin

A

plant hormone that promotes cell division

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19
Q

dermal tissue

A

protective plant tissue covering the outermost part of the plant; controls gas exchange

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20
Q

endodermis

A

layer of cells in the root that forms a selective barrier between the ground tissue and the vascular tissue, allowing water and minerals to enter the root while excluding toxins and pathogens

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21
Q

epidermis

A

single layer of cells found in plant dermal tissue; covers and protects underlying tissue

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22
Q

ethylene

A

volatile plant hormone that is associated with fruit ripening, flower wilting, and leaf fall

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23
Q

fibrous root system

A

type of root system in which the roots arise from the base of the stem in a cluster, forming a dense network of roots; found in monocots

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24
Q

gibberellin (GA)

A

plant hormone that stimulates shoot elongation, seed germination, and the maturation and dropping of fruit and flowers

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25
Q

ground tissue

A

plant tissue involved in photosynthesis; provides support, and stores water and sugars

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26
Q

guard cells

A

paired cells on either side of a stoma that control stomatal opening and thereby regulate the movement of
gases and water vapor

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27
Q

intercalary meristem

A

meristematic tissue located at nodes and the bases of leaf blades; found only in monocots

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28
Q

jasmonates

A

small family of compounds derived from the fatty acid linoleic acid

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29
Q

lamina

A

leaf blade

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30
Q

lateral meristem

A

meristematic tissue that enables a plant to increase in thickness or girth

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31
Q

lenticel

A

opening on the surface of mature woody stems that facilitates gas exchange

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32
Q

megapascal (MPa)

A

pressure units that measure water potential

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33
Q

meristem

A

plant region of continuous growth

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34
Q

meristematic tissue

A

tissue containing cells that constantly divide; contributes to plant growth

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35
Q

negative gravitropism

A

growth away from Earth’s gravity

36
Q

node

A

point along the stem at which leaves, flowers, or aerial roots originate

37
Q

oligosaccharin

A

hormone important in plant defenses against bacterial and fungal infections

38
Q

palmately compound leaf

A

leaf type with leaflets that emerge from a point, resembling the palm of a hand

39
Q

parenchyma cell

A

most common type of plant cell; found in the stem, root, leaf, and in fruit pulp; site of photosynthesis and starch storage

40
Q

pericycle

A

outer boundary of the stele from which lateral roots can arise

41
Q

periderm

A

outermost covering of woody stems; consists of the cork cambium, cork cells, and the phelloderm

42
Q

permanent tissue

A

plant tissue composed of cells that are no longer actively dividing

43
Q

petiole

A

stalk of the leaf

44
Q

photomorphogenesis

A

growth and development of plants in response to light

45
Q

photoperiodism

A

occurrence of plant processes, such as germination and flowering, according to the time of year

46
Q

phototropin

A

blue-light receptor that promotes phototropism, stomatal opening and closing, and other responses that promote photosynthesis

47
Q

phototropism

A

directional bending of a plant toward a light source

48
Q

phyllotaxy

A

arrangement of leaves on a stem

49
Q

phytochrome

A

plant pigment protein that exists in two reversible forms (Pr and Pfr) and mediates morphologic changes in response to red light

50
Q

pinnately compound leaf

A

eaf type with a divided leaf blade consisting of leaflets arranged on both sides of the midrib

51
Q

pith

A

ground tissue found towards the interior of the vascular tissue in a stem or root

52
Q

positive gravitropism

A

growth toward Earth’s gravitational center

53
Q

primary growth

A

growth resulting in an increase in length of the stem and the root; caused by cell division in the shoot or root apical meristem

54
Q

rhizome

A

modified underground stem that grows horizontally to the soil surface and has nodes and internodes

55
Q

root cap

A

protective cells covering the tip of the growing root

56
Q

root hair

A

hair-like structure that is an extension of epidermal cells; increases the root surface area and aids in absorption of water and minerals

57
Q

root system

A

belowground portion of the plant that supports the plant and absorbs water and minerals

58
Q

runner

A

stolon that runs above the ground and produces new clone plants at nodes

59
Q

sclerenchyma cell

A

plant cell that has thick secondary walls and provides structural support; usually dead at maturity

60
Q

secondary growth

A

growth resulting in an increase in thickness or girth; caused by the lateral meristem and cork cambium

61
Q

sessile

A

leaf without a petiole that is attached directly to the plant stem

62
Q

shoot system

A

aboveground portion of the plant; consists of non-reproductive plant parts, such as leaves and stems, and
reproductive parts, such as flowers and fruits

63
Q

sieve-tube cell

A

phloem cell arranged end to end to form a sieve tube that transports organic substances such as sugars and amino acids

64
Q

simple leaf

A

leaf type in which the lamina is completely undivided or merely lobed

65
Q

sink

A

growing parts of a plant, such as roots and young leaves, which require photosynthate

66
Q

source

A

organ that produces photosynthate for a plant

67
Q

statolith

A

also, amyloplast) plant organelle that contains heavy starch granules

68
Q

stele

A

inner portion of the root containing the vascular tissue; surrounded by the endodermis

69
Q

stipule

A

small green structure found on either side of the leaf stalk or petiole

70
Q

stolon

A

modified stem that runs parallel to the ground and can give rise to new plants at the nodes

71
Q

strigoractone

A

hormone that promotes seed germination in some species and inhibits lateral apical development in the absence of auxins

72
Q

tap root system

A

type of root system with a main root that grows vertically with few lateral roots; found in dicots

73
Q

tendril

A

modified stem consisting of slender, twining strands used for support or climbing

74
Q

thigmomorphogenesis

A

developmental response to touch

75
Q

thigmonastic

A

directional growth of a plant independent of the direction in which contact is applied

76
Q

thigmotropism

A

directional growth of a plant in response to constant contact

77
Q

thorn

A

modified stem branch appearing as a sharp outgrowth that protects the plant

78
Q

trachield

A

xylem cell with thick secondary walls that helps transport water

79
Q

translocation

A

mass transport of photosynthates from source to sink in vascular plants

80
Q

trichome

A

hair-like structure on the epidermal surface

81
Q

tuber

A

modified underground stem adapted for starch storage; has many adventitious buds

82
Q

vascular bundle

A

strands of stem tissue made up of xylem and phloem

83
Q

vascular stele

A

strands of root tissue made up of xylem and phloem

84
Q

vascular tissue

A

tissue made up of xylem and phloem that transports food and water throughout the plant

85
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water vapor to the atmosphere through stomata

General Bio 1106 (6 decks)

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