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Laboratory Procedures 2 > Ch. 35 Electrolytes and Acid-Base Status > Flashcards

Ch. 35 Electrolytes and Acid-Base Status Flashcards

1
Q

Electrolytes are the ____ of elements found in the body fluids or all organisms

A

ions

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2
Q

what are positive ions called?

A

cations

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3
Q

what are negative ions called?

A

anions

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4
Q

what are the major functions of electrolytes in the body?

A

maintenance and activation of enzyme systems

acid-base regulation

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5
Q

what does acid-base balance refer to?

A

the body’s pH balance

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6
Q

What is normal blood pH?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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7
Q

What is acidosis?

A

LOW blood pH (<7.3)

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8
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

HIGH blood pH (>7.4)

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9
Q

When the blood pH falls out of range, the function of the body’s proteins are diminished/destroyed: True or False?

A

TRUE

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10
Q

What are buffer systems responsible for?

A

Counteracting acids

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11
Q

What 2 major body systems work to regulate blood pH in the presence of acid-base IMBALANCE?

A

renal system

respiratory system

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12
Q

Bicarbonate buffer acts when the blood pH is too _______?

A

acidic

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13
Q

What is the PRIMARY blood buffer system?

A

The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer

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14
Q

Any metabolic condition that results in the build up of acids in the body can result in ______ ________

A

metabolic acidosis

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15
Q

What is base excess? What does a negative value indicate? a positive value?

A

the amount of acid or base required for 1L of blood to have a normal pH while the PO2 is held at a constant 40mmHg.
neg value= metabolic acidosis
pos value= metabolic alkalosis

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16
Q

What are the 7 major electrolytes in plasma?

A

calcium, magnesium, sodium, inorganic phosphorus, potassium, bicarbonate, and chloride

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17
Q

Changes in electrolyte concentrations can result from _________
_________
_________

A
  1. incr/decr. intake
  2. shifts between ICF and ECF
  3. incr renal retention or incr loss of electrolytes via the kidneys, GI tract, or resp. system
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18
Q

Sodium is the major ____ of plasma and ECF

A

CATION

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19
Q

What are the main functions of sodium?

A

water distribution

maintaining body fluid osmotic pressure

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20
Q

Hypernatremia

A

high blood sodium

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21
Q

Hyponatremia

A

low blood sodium

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22
Q

what organ is sodium filtered through?

A

the kidneys

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23
Q

What conditions are associated with high blood sodium levels?

A

water deprivation, hyperventilation, osmotic diuresis

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24
Q

what conditions are associated with low blood sodium?

A

GI disorders (V,D)
ketonuria
hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s)
CHF

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25
Potassium is the major ICF ______?
CATION
26
What are the major functions of K+ in the body?
1. muscular function 2. cardiac function 3. nerve impulse/transmission 4. carbohydrate metabolism
27
hyperkalemia
high blood potassium
28
hypokalemia
low blood potassium
29
Animals with acidosis can have hyperkalemia: true or false?
TRUE
30
What conditions is hypokalemia associated with?
``` inadequate K+ intake alkalosis fluid loss 2' to V/D anorexia ketonuria diuresis ```
31
What conditions are associated with hyperkalemia?
metabolic acidosis UO renal insufficiency
32
Chloride is the major ECF _____?
ANION
33
What are the major functions of chloride?
water distribution osmotic pressure normal anion/cation ratio
34
Hyperchloremia
high blood chloride
35
hypochloremia
low blood chloride
36
What organ helps regulate bicarbonate levels in the blood?
the kidneys
37
What is the major function of magnesium?
production/destruction of acetylcholine
38
hypermagnesemia
high blood magnesium
39
hypomagnesemia
low blood magnesium
40
Tetanus can result as an imbalance of magnesium and calcium: true or false?
true
41
More than 99% of Ca is found in bones, the other 1% functions to ______
1. maintain neuromuscular excitability and tone 2. maintenance of enzyme activity 3. facilitation of blood coagulation 4. maintenance of inorganic ion transfer across cell membranes
42
If the phosphorus falls, the calcium rises and vice versa: true or false?
TRUE
43
hypercalcemia
high blood calcium
44
hypocalcemia
low blood calcium
45
what are the major functions of inorganic phosphorus?
``` (80% found in bones) other 20%: 1. energy storage, release, and transfer 2. carb metabolism 3. composition of nucleic acids, phospholipids, etc. ```
46
The total number of negative charges (anions) = the total number of positive charges (cations) when properly maintained via the buffer systems. When out of balance, this change is termed the _____ _____
anion gap
47
What is the anion gap primarily used to identify?
metabolic acidosis
48
What conditions is an increased anion gap assocaited with?
1. lactic acidosis 2. renal failure 3. diabetic ketoacidosis
49
Where is most CK found in the body?
cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and the brain
50
When skeletal/cardiac muscle is damaged, CK is _______
INCREASED
51
CK can be used to determine liver disease when AST is high but there is no other signs of liver dz: true or false?
true
52
Troponin assay evaluates what?
cardiac muscle damage
53
brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone secreted by monocytes that functions to _____?
maintain blood pressure
54
Increased BNP occurs with ____? | What can it help diagnose?
ventricular filling pressure, can help with dx of heart failure
55
Increased lactate indicates ______ or _______?
hypoxia or hypoperfusion
56
Increased lactate levels can also be seen with what condition?
Peritonitis
57
What are the primary organs of the endocrine system? (4)
the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland, and parathyroid glands
58
Adrenal dysfunction is often a result of the misuse of what?
steroids
59
What is the major hormone released by the adrenal glands?
cortisol
60
Hyperadrenocorticism is also called what?
Cushing's disease
61
Hypoadrenocorticism is also called what?
Addison's disease
62
Cushing's disease is most often caused by what?
overzealous steroid therapy
63
What is primary hypoadrenocorticism?
adrenal-dependent
64
What is secondary hypoadrenocorticism?
pituitary-dependent
65
ACTH and cortisol levels can be used to differentiate between _____ and ______ hypoadrenocorticism?
primary and secondary
66
Primary hypoadrenocorticism is associated with ____ levels of ACTH, whereas secondary is associated with ____ levels of ACTH
normal to high | low to undetectable
67
What does the ACTH test evaulate?
the degree of adrenal gland response to the administration of exogenous ACTH
68
What does the dexamethasone suppression test evaulate?
the adrenal glands response to dexamethasone
69
What is the difference in usage for the low dose dexamethasone suppression test and the high dose test?
low dose- confirms or replaces the ACTH test for Cushing's disease hihg dose- used to differentiate pituitary causes of Cushing's vs adrenal causes
70
What does the corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test differentiate?
differentiates between pituitary depending Cushings and primary Cushings
71
What do thyroid hormones affect?
metabolic rate and growth
72
Thyroxine is composed of what 2 hormones?
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
73
Drugs that may INCREASE t4 concentrations include ....
insulin | estrogens
74
Drugs that may DECREASE t4 concentrations include.....
glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, antithyroid drugs, penicillins, trimethoprim sulfamides, diazepam, androgens, sulfonylureas
75
TSH response test used for borderline thyroid cases: true or false?
true
76
TSH RESPONSE test usually used for canine hypothyroidism: T or F?
true
77
Feline hyperthyroidism is usually caused by __________?
functional thyroid adenomas
78
free T4 is the fraction of thyroxine that is ________?
NOT bound to protein
79
In cases of GI malabsorption, what is usually indicated to obtain a definitive diagnosis?
intestinal biopsy
80
GI malassimilation can be classified into 2 categories: ______ and ______
malabsorption | maldigestion
81
Maldigestion results from _______?
altered gastric secretion, lack of digestive enzymes
82
malabsorption usually caused by ______?
acquired disease of the small intestine or bacterial overgrowth
83
fecal occult blood tests what?
occult blood (not seen by naked eye)- r/o GI bleeding
84
d-Xylose absorption test most often performed on what species?
horses
85
Serum folate and cobalamin are usually ______ with malabsorptive conditions
DECREASED
86
What part of the GI tract is folate absorbed?
the proximal intestine
87
What part of the GI tract is cobalamin absorbed?
the ileum
88
What is plumbism?
lead poisoning

Laboratory Procedures 2 (8 decks)

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