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Laboratory Procedures 2 > Ch. 35 Electrolytes and Acid-Base Status > Flashcards

Ch. 35 Electrolytes and Acid-Base Status Flashcards

1
Q

Electrolytes are the ____ of elements found in the body fluids or all organisms

A

ions

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2
Q

what are positive ions called?

A

cations

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3
Q

what are negative ions called?

A

anions

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4
Q

what are the major functions of electrolytes in the body?

A

maintenance and activation of enzyme systems

acid-base regulation

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5
Q

what does acid-base balance refer to?

A

the body’s pH balance

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6
Q

What is normal blood pH?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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7
Q

What is acidosis?

A

LOW blood pH (<7.3)

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8
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

HIGH blood pH (>7.4)

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9
Q

When the blood pH falls out of range, the function of the body’s proteins are diminished/destroyed: True or False?

A

TRUE

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10
Q

What are buffer systems responsible for?

A

Counteracting acids

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11
Q

What 2 major body systems work to regulate blood pH in the presence of acid-base IMBALANCE?

A

renal system

respiratory system

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12
Q

Bicarbonate buffer acts when the blood pH is too _______?

A

acidic

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13
Q

What is the PRIMARY blood buffer system?

A

The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer

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14
Q

Any metabolic condition that results in the build up of acids in the body can result in ______ ________

A

metabolic acidosis

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15
Q

What is base excess? What does a negative value indicate? a positive value?

A

the amount of acid or base required for 1L of blood to have a normal pH while the PO2 is held at a constant 40mmHg.
neg value= metabolic acidosis
pos value= metabolic alkalosis

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16
Q

What are the 7 major electrolytes in plasma?

A

calcium, magnesium, sodium, inorganic phosphorus, potassium, bicarbonate, and chloride

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17
Q

Changes in electrolyte concentrations can result from _________
_________
_________

A
  1. incr/decr. intake
  2. shifts between ICF and ECF
  3. incr renal retention or incr loss of electrolytes via the kidneys, GI tract, or resp. system
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18
Q

Sodium is the major ____ of plasma and ECF

A

CATION

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19
Q

What are the main functions of sodium?

A

water distribution

maintaining body fluid osmotic pressure

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20
Q

Hypernatremia

A

high blood sodium

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21
Q

Hyponatremia

A

low blood sodium

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22
Q

what organ is sodium filtered through?

A

the kidneys

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23
Q

What conditions are associated with high blood sodium levels?

A

water deprivation, hyperventilation, osmotic diuresis

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24
Q

what conditions are associated with low blood sodium?

A

GI disorders (V,D)
ketonuria
hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s)
CHF

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25
Q

Potassium is the major ICF ______?

A

CATION

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26
Q

What are the major functions of K+ in the body?

A
  1. muscular function
  2. cardiac function
  3. nerve impulse/transmission
  4. carbohydrate metabolism
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27
Q

hyperkalemia

A

high blood potassium

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28
Q

hypokalemia

A

low blood potassium

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29
Q

Animals with acidosis can have hyperkalemia: true or false?

A

TRUE

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30
Q

What conditions is hypokalemia associated with?

A 
inadequate K+ intake
alkalosis
fluid loss 2' to V/D
anorexia
ketonuria
diuresis
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31
Q

What conditions are associated with hyperkalemia?

A

metabolic acidosis
UO
renal insufficiency

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32
Q

Chloride is the major ECF _____?

A

ANION

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33
Q

What are the major functions of chloride?

A

water distribution
osmotic pressure
normal anion/cation ratio

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34
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

high blood chloride

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35
Q

hypochloremia

A

low blood chloride

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36
Q

What organ helps regulate bicarbonate levels in the blood?

A

the kidneys

37
Q

What is the major function of magnesium?

A

production/destruction of acetylcholine

38
Q

hypermagnesemia

A

high blood magnesium

39
Q

hypomagnesemia

A

low blood magnesium

40
Q

Tetanus can result as an imbalance of magnesium and calcium: true or false?

A

true

41
Q

More than 99% of Ca is found in bones, the other 1% functions to ______

A
  1. maintain neuromuscular excitability and tone
  2. maintenance of enzyme activity
  3. facilitation of blood coagulation
  4. maintenance of inorganic ion transfer across cell membranes
42
Q

If the phosphorus falls, the calcium rises and vice versa: true or false?

A

TRUE

43
Q

hypercalcemia

A

high blood calcium

44
Q

hypocalcemia

A

low blood calcium

45
Q

what are the major functions of inorganic phosphorus?

A 
(80% found in bones)
other 20%:
1. energy storage, release, and transfer
2. carb metabolism
3. composition of nucleic acids, phospholipids, etc.
46
Q

The total number of negative charges (anions) = the total number of positive charges (cations) when properly maintained via the buffer systems. When out of balance, this change is termed the _____ _____

A

anion gap

47
Q

What is the anion gap primarily used to identify?

A

metabolic acidosis

48
Q

What conditions is an increased anion gap assocaited with?

A
  1. lactic acidosis
  2. renal failure
  3. diabetic ketoacidosis
49
Q

Where is most CK found in the body?

A

cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and the brain

50
Q

When skeletal/cardiac muscle is damaged, CK is _______

A

INCREASED

51
Q

CK can be used to determine liver disease when AST is high but there is no other signs of liver dz: true or false?

A

true

52
Q

Troponin assay evaluates what?

A

cardiac muscle damage

53
Q

brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone secreted by monocytes that functions to _____?

A

maintain blood pressure

54
Q

Increased BNP occurs with ____?

What can it help diagnose?

A

ventricular filling pressure, can help with dx of heart failure

55
Q

Increased lactate indicates ______ or _______?

A

hypoxia or hypoperfusion

56
Q

Increased lactate levels can also be seen with what condition?

A

Peritonitis

57
Q

What are the primary organs of the endocrine system? (4)

A

the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland, and parathyroid glands

58
Q

Adrenal dysfunction is often a result of the misuse of what?

A

steroids

59
Q

What is the major hormone released by the adrenal glands?

A

cortisol

60
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism is also called what?

A

Cushing’s disease

61
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism is also called what?

A

Addison’s disease

62
Q

Cushing’s disease is most often caused by what?

A

overzealous steroid therapy

63
Q

What is primary hypoadrenocorticism?

A

adrenal-dependent

64
Q

What is secondary hypoadrenocorticism?

A

pituitary-dependent

65
Q

ACTH and cortisol levels can be used to differentiate between _____ and ______ hypoadrenocorticism?

A

primary and secondary

66
Q

Primary hypoadrenocorticism is associated with ____ levels of ACTH, whereas secondary is associated with ____ levels of ACTH

A

normal to high

low to undetectable

67
Q

What does the ACTH test evaulate?

A

the degree of adrenal gland response to the administration of exogenous ACTH

68
Q

What does the dexamethasone suppression test evaulate?

A

the adrenal glands response to dexamethasone

69
Q

What is the difference in usage for the low dose dexamethasone suppression test and the high dose test?

A

low dose- confirms or replaces the ACTH test for Cushing’s disease
hihg dose- used to differentiate pituitary causes of Cushing’s vs adrenal causes

70
Q

What does the corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test differentiate?

A

differentiates between pituitary depending Cushings and primary Cushings

71
Q

What do thyroid hormones affect?

A

metabolic rate and growth

72
Q

Thyroxine is composed of what 2 hormones?

A

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

73
Q

Drugs that may INCREASE t4 concentrations include ….

A

insulin

estrogens

74
Q

Drugs that may DECREASE t4 concentrations include…..

A

glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, antithyroid drugs, penicillins, trimethoprim sulfamides, diazepam, androgens, sulfonylureas

75
Q

TSH response test used for borderline thyroid cases: true or false?

A

true

76
Q

TSH RESPONSE test usually used for canine hypothyroidism: T or F?

A

true

77
Q

Feline hyperthyroidism is usually caused by __________?

A

functional thyroid adenomas

78
Q

free T4 is the fraction of thyroxine that is ________?

A

NOT bound to protein

79
Q

In cases of GI malabsorption, what is usually indicated to obtain a definitive diagnosis?

A

intestinal biopsy

80
Q

GI malassimilation can be classified into 2 categories: ______ and ______

A

malabsorption

maldigestion

81
Q

Maldigestion results from _______?

A

altered gastric secretion, lack of digestive enzymes

82
Q

malabsorption usually caused by ______?

A

acquired disease of the small intestine or bacterial overgrowth

83
Q

fecal occult blood tests what?

A

occult blood (not seen by naked eye)- r/o GI bleeding

84
Q

d-Xylose absorption test most often performed on what species?

A

horses

85
Q

Serum folate and cobalamin are usually ______ with malabsorptive conditions

A

DECREASED

86
Q

What part of the GI tract is folate absorbed?

A

the proximal intestine

87
Q

What part of the GI tract is cobalamin absorbed?

A

the ileum

88
Q

What is plumbism?

A

lead poisoning

Laboratory Procedures 2 (8 decks)

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