Ch. 11 Morphologic Abnormalities of Blood Cells Flashcards
What are the 2 scales used to indicate morphologic changes on a blood smear?
1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ scale
slight, moderate, marked scale
What is the Pelger-Huet anomaly?
a congenital defect characterized by HYPOsegmentation of all granulocyte nuclei
What is nuclear HYPERsegmentation?
neutrophils with more than 5 segmented lobes
What is toxic change?
disease-induced cytoplasmic changes in neutrophils- associated with conditions such as inflammation, infection, and drug toxicity. If severe suggests bascterial infection. More common in cats, more serious when seen in dogs
Cytoplasmic basophilia, Dohle bodies, giantism, and toxic granulation are types of what?
Toxic change
What are inclusions in a cell?
An area in the cytoplasm indicating an abnormality such as distemper, parasites, etc
What are reactive lymphocytes?
lymphocytes with increased basophilia, sometimes a larger more convoluted nucleus. These changes are caused by antigenic stimulation 2’ to vaccines/infection. Also referred to as immunocytes
What are siderotic granules?
granules of hemosiderin present in neuts and monos of animals with hemolytic anemia
What is a smudge cell?
degenerative WBCs that have ruptured (small #s may be artifact, large #s associated with leukemia)
Also referred to as BASKET cells
What is karyolysis?
a degenerative change to the nucleus characterized by the dissolution of the nuclear membrane (usually neuts, associated with septic exudates)
What is karyorrhexis?
the fragmentation of the nucleus after cell death (i.e. apoptosis)
What is Pyknosis?
refers to the condensing of the nucleus as the cell dies
What is rouleaux formation?
stacking of RBCs
When is increased rouleaux seen?
What species normally have marked rouleaux?
increased rouleaux seen with increased fibrinogen or globulin
horses (can also be seen in pigs)
What is autoagglutination? What does it indicate?
clumping of RBCs
Indicates an immune mediated disorder in which antibodies coat the RBCs and clump them together (seen with incompatible blood transfusion match)
What is anicocytosis? What are the cell types seen?
a variation in the size of RBCs
Macrocytes, Microcytes, or both
(normal in bovine blood)
What is a macrocyte?
a RBC with a larger diameter than normal with an increased MCV (usually young RBCs- reticulocytes)
What is a microcyte?
RBCs with a smaller diameter than normal with a decreased MCV, may be seen with iron deficiency
What is polychromasia?
RBCs that exhibit a blue tint when stained with Romanowsky stain
What is hypochromasia?
decreased staining intensity created by a lack of hemoglobin in the cell
What is normochromia?
normal staining intensity
What is hyperchromatophilia?
refers to cells that appear to be more darkly stained than normal cells - usually microcytes or spherocytes
What is an anulocyte?
bowl shaped cells
usually an artifact
What is a torocyte?
A punched out looking cell,
usually an artifact
What is a poikilocyte?
an abnormally shaped RBC
What is a schistocyte?
RBC fragments usually formed as a result of the shearing of RBC from intravascular trauma
What are schistocytes associated with?
disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) vascular neoplasms (hemangiosarcoma) iron deficiency
What is an acanthocyte?
irregular, spiculated cells also called spur cells (surface projections are irregular/variable)
What are acanthocytes associated with?
seen in animals with altered lipid metabolism (hepatic lipidosis)
dogs with hemangiosarcoma - esp middle aged to old large breed dogs
What is an echinocyte?
spiculated cells with evenly spaced spikes
also called burr cells
What are echinocytes associated with?
what is the common name for this abnormality?
artifact associated with slow drying smears or prolonged storage. Can be seen with renal disease and lymphosarcoma in dogs
after exercise in horses
normal in pigs
CRENATION
What is a depranocyte? Also called what?
SICKLE cells
seen in normal deer/angora goats
thought to be a phenomenon caused by high oxygen tension
What is a keratocyte? Common names? Associated with?
Helmet cell or bite cell
associated with hemangiosarcoma, neoplasia, glomerulaonephritis, hepatic disease
What is a spherocyte? What are do they suggest?
A darkly staining RBC with NO central pallor
suggest immune mediated destructions of RBCs (hemolytic anemia)
What are elliptocytes?
oval shaped cells seen in normal camelids
in other species they are associated with lymphoblastic leukemia, hepatic lipidosis, portosystemic shunts, and GN
What is a leptocyte?
a cell characterized by an increased membrane surface area relative to cell volume- they can take a variety of shapes
associated with anemia, liver dx, some inherited diseases
What are eccentrocytes? what are they associated with?
these cells appear to have their hemoglobin pushed to one side (area of pallor on one side of the cell)
associated with diabetic ketoacidosis, neoplasia, Babesia canis infections, and after ingestion of oxidants such as garlic, onions, etc.
What is a dacrocyte? Associated with?
teardrop shaped cells
associated with myelofibrosis and other myeloproliferative diseases
can also be seen in iron deficient llamas/alpacas
What is basophilic stippling? associated with?
presence of small dark blue bodies within RBCs
common in immature RBCs of ruminants and occ cats
indicates LEAD POISONING in dogs
What are Howell-Jolly bodies? Assocaited with?
basophilic nuclear remnants (dark blue dots) seen in young RBCs during a reponse to anemia
seen 2’ to spleen removal or with splenic disorders
What are Heinz bodies? Associated with?
round structures attached to cells that represent denatured hemoglobin
associated with oxidants/chemicals
can be normal in up to 5% of cats RBCs
seen with lymphosarcoma, hyperthyroidism, and DM in cats
What do nucleated RBCs indicate?
early release of immature RBCs during anemia
What are the most common blood parasites?
Ehrlichia, Mycoplasma
What disease is caused by Mycoplasma in cats?
Hemobaronellosis (aka feline infectious anemia)
