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Laboratory Procedures 2 > Ch. 32 Protein Assays and Hepatobiliary Function Tests > Flashcards

Ch. 32 Protein Assays and Hepatobiliary Function Tests Flashcards

1
Q

the majority of plasma proteins are produced by what organ?

A

the liver

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2
Q

What are the 3 common protein chemical assays performed in veterinary medicine?

A
  1. total protein
  2. albumin
  3. fibrinogen
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3
Q

total plasma protein measures what?

A

Fibrinogen

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4
Q

total SERUM protein measures what?

A

all of the protein fractions EXCEPT fibrinogen

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5
Q

total protein is commonly used to determine what about an animal?

A

hydration status

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6
Q

Hyperproteinemia

A

high total protein (seen in dehydrated patients)

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7
Q

Hypoproteinemia

A

low total protein, seen in overhydrated patients

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8
Q

Albumin is one of the most important _____ in plasma/serum

A

PROTEINS

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9
Q

What is albumin responsible for?

A

maintaining the osmotic pressure of the plasma

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10
Q

What diseases/conditions may decrease albumin?

A

liver disease, renal disease, dietary intake, intestinal protein absorption

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11
Q

What are globulins?

A

a complex group of proteins synthesized in the liver

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12
Q

what are the 5 immunoglobulins?

A

IgG, IgD, IgE, IgA, and IgM

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13
Q

what is the function of globulins?

A

to transport and bind proteins

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14
Q

If fibrinogen is decreased, will blood clot or not be able to clot?

A

not be able to clot

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15
Q

What conditions may elevate fibrinogen levels?

A

Inflammation

Tissue damage

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16
Q

When are acute-phase proteins primarily seen?

A

immediately following injury or inflammation

17
Q

Albumina nd transferrin are referred to as negative acute-phase proteins because ________?

A

thehy decrease following acute injury or inflammation, rather than increase

18
Q

serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein used to differentiate infectious diseases from non infectious diseases in which two species?

A

Cats

Horses

19
Q

C-reactive protein is a biomarker for inflammation produced in the liver. True or False?

A

True

20
Q

What type of reactions control the functions of the liver?

A

Enzymatic reactions

21
Q

What is the primary function of the gallbladder?

A

storage site for bile

22
Q

malfunctions of the liver or gallbladder result in clinical signs of _____, _______, ______, and ______?

A
  1. jaundice
  2. hypoalbuminemia
  3. problems with hemostasis
  4. hypoglycemia
23
Q

What are the 4 enzymes released from damaged hepatocytes (the 4 tests associated with enzymes from damaged liver cells?)

A
  1. ALT
  2. AST
  3. Iditol dehydrogenase (ID)
  4. glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDR)
24
Q

What enzymes are associated with cholestasis (bile duct damage/obstruction)?
What are the 2 tests?

A
  1. ALP

2. gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT)

25
Q

Bilirubin is not a component of bile. True or False?

A

FALSE

26
Q

Increased pre-hepatic (bound to albumin) bilirubin indicates what?

A

hepatic damage (problems with uptake)

27
Q

Increased conjugated bilirubin indicates what?

A

bile duct obstruction

28
Q

Unconjugated bilirubin is increased with ______ or ________?

A

excessive RBC destruction
or
defects in the transport system mechanism of bilirubin

29
Q

Bile acids aid in ________ and _______?

A

fat absorption

modulating cholesterol

30
Q

Where are bile acids stored? (with the exception of horses)

A

the gallbladder

31
Q

Why would bile acids be elevated?

A

with liver disease (congenital portosystemic shunts, chronic hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, cholestasis, or neoplasia)

32
Q

What extrahepatic diseases is increased bile acids associated with?

A

intestinal malabsorption disorders, in horses can be due to decreased feed intake

33
Q

What is hypercholesteremia? What is it associated with?

A

high cholesterol

associated with hyperadrenocorticism, DM, and nephrotic syndrome, rarely diet related (high fat, postprandial lipemia)

34
Q

In dogs and cats ALT is considered liver specific: true or false?

A

true

35
Q

More severe liver damage is needed to increase ALT or AST?

A

AST

36
Q

ALP in young animals comes mostly from what cells?

A

osteoblasts in the bone and chondroblasts int he cartilage as bones develop

37
Q

ALP in adult/older animals is primarily from what cells?

A

liver cells

38
Q

What is ALP primarily used to determine in adult dogs/cats?

A

Cholestasis

39
Q

When is GGT elevated?

A

In patients with liver disease, especially obstructive liver disease

Laboratory Procedures 2 (8 decks)

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