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EMT-P (PAR 211-TRAUMA) > CH. 34 HEAD AND SPINE TRAUMA > Flashcards

CH. 34 HEAD AND SPINE TRAUMA Flashcards

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1
Q

a condition that occurs with flexion injuries or fractures, resulting in the displacement of bony fragments into the anterior portion of the spinal cord; findings include paralysis below the level of insult and loss of pain, temperature, and touch sensation

A

anterior cord syndrome

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2
Q

loss of memory relating to events that occurred after the injury

A

anterograde post traumatic amnesia

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3
Q

the middle membrane of the three meninges that enclose the brain and the spinal cord

A

arachnoid

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4
Q

the bones that function in hearing and are located deep within the cavities of the temporal bone

A

auditory ossicles

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5
Q

a potentially life threatening late complication of spinal cord injury in which a massive, uninhibited, uncompensated cardiovascular response occurs due to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system below the level of injury; also known as autonomic hyperreflexia

A

autonomic dysreflexia

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6
Q

an increase in mean arterial pressure to compensate for decreased cerebral perfusion pressure; compensatory mechanism for the body to shunt blood to brain; manifests as hypertension

A

autoregulation

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7
Q

long, slender extension of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuronal stoma

A

axon

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8
Q

when the toe moves upwards in response to stimulation of the sole foot

A

babinski reflex

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9
Q

structures located deep within the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain that have an important role in coordination of motor movements and posture

A

basal ganglia

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10
Q

usually occur following diffuse impact to the head; results from extension of linear fraction to the base of the skull and can be difficult to diagnose with a radiograph

A

basilar skull fractures

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11
Q

brusing over the mastoid bone behind the ear commonly seen following a basilar skull fracture also called auricular ecchymosis

A

battle signs

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12
Q

characterized by an irregular rate, patterns and volume of breathing with intermittent periods of apnea; called ataxic respirations

A

biot respirations

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13
Q

part of the central nervous system located within the cranium; contains neurons that serve different functions

A

brain

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14
Q

the midbrain, pons, and medulla

A

brainstem

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15
Q

a condition associated with penetrating trauma with hemisection of the spinal cord and complete damage to all spinal tracts on the involved side

A

brown-sequard syndrome

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16
Q

the location where the spinal cord separates and is composed of nerve roots

A

cauda equina

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17
Q

a neurologic condition caused by compression of the bundle of nerve roots located at the end of the spinal cord

A

cauda equina syndrome

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18
Q

a condition that results from hyperextension injuries to the cervical area that cause damage with hemorrhage or edema to the central cervical ligament; findings include greater loss of function in the upper extremities with variable sensory loss of pain and temp

A

central cord syndrome

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19
Q

the system containing the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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20
Q

deep, rapid respirations; similar to kussmaul but without an acetone breath odor; commonly found in a brainstem injury

A

central neurogenic hyperventilation

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21
Q

the region of the brain essential in coordinating muscle movements in the body; also called the athlete’s brain

A

cerebellum

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22
Q

occurs when the brain is jarred around in the skull; a mild diffuse brain injury that does not result in structural damage or permanent neurologic impairment

A

cerebral concussion

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23
Q

a focal brain injury in which brain tissue is bruised and damaged in a defined area

A

cerebral contusion

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24
Q

the largest portion of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex

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25
Q

cerebral water that causes swelling of the brain

A

cerebral edema

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26
Q

the pressure of blood flow through the brain

A

cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)

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27
Q

fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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28
Q

the largest portion of the brain; responsible for higher functions such as reasoning; divided into right and left hemisphere or halves

A

cerebrum

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29
Q

the respirations that are fast and then become slow with intervening periods of apnea; commonly seen following brainstem injury

A

cheyne stokes respirations

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30
Q

specialized cells within the hollow areas in the ventricles of the brain that produce CSF

A

choroid plexus

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31
Q

total disruption of all tracts of the spinal cord with all cord mediated functions below the level of transection lost permanently

A

complete spinal injury

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32
Q

the point where the parietal bones join with the frontal bone

A

coronal suture

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33
Q

dual impacting of the brain into the skull; coup injury occurs at the point of impact; contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of impact, as the brain rebounds

A

coup-contrecoup injury

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34
Q

cranium

A

cranial vault

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35
Q

a horizontal bone perforated with numerous foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity

A

cribriform plate

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36
Q

a prominent bony ridge in the center of the anterior fossa and the point of attachment of the meninges

A

crista galli

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37
Q

minimum cerebral perfusion pressure required to adequately perfuse the brain; 60 mm Hg in the adult

A

critical minimum threshold

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38
Q

hypertension (widening pressure), bradycardia, and irregular respirations; typically associated with ICP

A

cushing triad

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39
Q

abnormal posture characterized by extension of the arms and legs indicating pressure on the brainstem

A

decerebrate (extensor) posturing

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40
Q

abnormal posture characterized by flexion and extension of the legs; indicates pressure on the brainstem

A

decorticate (flexor) posturing

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41
Q

result from high energy direct trauma to a small surface area of the head with a blunt object; commonly results in bony fragments being driven into the brain causing injury

A

depressed skull fractures

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42
Q

areas of the body innervated by sensor components of spinal nerves

A

dematomes

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43
Q

the part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum that includes the thalamus, sub thalamus, and hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

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44
Q

diffuse brain injury that is caused by stretching, shearing, or tearing of the nerve fibers with subsequent axonal damage

A

diffuse axonal injury (DAI)

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45
Q

any injury that affects the entire injury

A

diffuse brain injury

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46
Q

the outermost layer of the three meninges that enclose the brain and the spinal cord; it is the toughest meningeal layer

A

dura mater

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47
Q

an accumulation of blood between the skull and dura

A

epidural hematoma

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48
Q

the joint on which each vertebra articulates with adjacent vertebrae

A

facet joint

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49
Q

a type of injury that results from forward movement of the head, as a result of rapid deceleration, such as in a car crash, or with a direct blow to the occiput

A

flexion injury

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50
Q

a specific grossly observable brain injury

A

focal brain injury

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51
Q

the soft spots in the skull of an infant and newborn where the sutures of the skull have not yet grown together

A

fontanelles

52
Q

the large opening at the base of a skull through which the spinal cord exits the brain

A

foramen magnum

53
Q

small natural openings perforations or orifices such as in the bones of the cranial vault; plural of foramen

A

foramina

54
Q

the portion of the brain that is responsible for voluntary motor actions and personality traits

A

frontal lobe

55
Q

tough tendinous layer of the scalp

A

galea aponeurotica

56
Q

a widely accepted method of assessing level of consciousness that is based on three independent measurements: eye opening, verbal response, motor response

A

glasgow coma scale

57
Q

the bony anterior part of the roof of the mouth

A

hard palate

58
Q

a traumatic insult to the head that may result in injury to soft tissue, bony structures, or the brain

A

head injury

59
Q

process in which tissue is forced out of its normal position, such as when the brain is forced from the cranial vault, either through the foramen magnum or over the tentorium

A

herniation

60
Q

hyper acute pain to touch

A

hyperesthesia

61
Q

extension of a limb or other body part beyond its usual range of motion

A

hyperextension

62
Q

a high body temperature

A

hyperpyrexia

63
Q

inferior portion of the diencephalon responsible for control of many body functions like heart rate, digestion, sexual development, temperature regulation, emotion, hunger, thirst, and regulation of sleep cycle

A

hypothalamus

64
Q

spinal cord injury in which there is some degree of cord mediated function; initial dysfunction may be temporary and there may be potential for recovery

A

incomplete spinal cord injury

65
Q

bleeding within the brain tissue (parenchyma) itself; also referred to as an intraparenchyma hematoma

A

intracerebral hematoma

66
Q

the pressure within the cranial vault; normally 0 to 15 mm Hg in adults

A

intracranial pressure

67
Q

the point where the occipital bones attach to the parietal bones

A

lambdoid suture

68
Q

arise from the posterior pedicles and fuse to form the posterior spinous processes

A

lamina

69
Q

structures within the cerebrum and diencephalon that influence emotions motivation mood and sensations of pain and pleasure

A

limbic system

70
Q

account of 80% of skull fractures and referred to as non displaced skull fractures and occur in temporal parietal region of the skull and not associated with deformities of the skull

A

linear skull fractures

71
Q

a cone shaped section of bone at the base of the temporal bone

A

mastoid process

72
Q

the average pressure against the arterial wall during a cardiac cycle

A

mean arterial pressure

73
Q

continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomitting, coughing, and sneezing

A

medulla

74
Q

a set of three tough membranes, the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater, that encloses the entire brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

75
Q

regions of the body innervated by the motor components of spinal nerves

A

myotomes

76
Q

the chamber inside the nose that lies between the floor of the cranium and the rood of the mouth

A

nasal cavity

77
Q

injury to a nerve at the level of the spinal cord

A

nerve root injury

78
Q

shock caused by massive vasodilation and pooling of blood in the peripheral vessels to the extent that adequate perfusion cannot be maintained

A

neurogenic shock

79
Q

the body of a neuron or nerve cell

A

neuronal soma

80
Q

articular surfaces on the occipital bone in which the skull articulates with the atlas on the vertebral column

A

occipital condyles

81
Q

the portion of the brain that is responsible for the processing of visual information

A

occipital lobe

82
Q

nerves that participate in the transmission of scent impulses

A

olfactory nerves

83
Q

an irregularly shaped bone found in the posterior part of the nasal cavity

A

palatine bone

84
Q

subdivision of the autonomic nervous system; involved in control of involuntary vegetative functions meditated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine

A

parasympathetic nervous system

85
Q

the portion of the brain that is the site for reception and evaluation of most sensory information except for smell hearing and vision

A

parietal lobe

86
Q

thick lateral bony struts that connect the vertebral body with the spinous and transverse processes and make up the lateral and posterior portions of the spinal foramen

A

pedicles

87
Q

bruising under or around the orbits that is commonly seen following a basilar skull fracture

A

periorbital eccyhmosis

88
Q

injury to a nerve anywhere in the body that is outside of the spinal cord

A

peripheral nerve injury

89
Q

the innermost and thinnest of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord, rests directly on the brain and the spinal cord

A

pia mater

90
Q

a cluster of nerve roots that permits peripheral nerve roots to rejoin and function as a group

A

plexus

91
Q

lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center

A

pons

92
Q

a condition associated with extension injuries with isolated injury to the dorsal column; presents as decreased sensation to light touch, proprioception, and vibration while leaving most other motor and sensory functions intact

A

posterior cord syndrome

93
Q

formed by the fusion of the posterior lamina, this is an attachment site for muscles and ligaments

A

posterior spinous process

94
Q

an injury to the brain and its associated structures that is a direct result of impact to the head

A

primary brain injury

95
Q

injury to the spinal cord that is a direct result of trauma- for example, transection of the spinal cord from penetrating trauma or displacement of ligaments and bone fragments, resulting in compression of the spinal cord

A

primary spinal cord injury

96
Q

the ability to perceive the position and movement of one’s body or limbs

A

proprioception

97
Q

bruising under or around the orbits that is commonly seen following a basilar skull fracture also called periorbital ecchymosis

A

raccoon eyes

98
Q

located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness specifically one’s level of arousal

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

99
Q

loss of memory relating to events that occurred before the injury

A

retrograde amnesia

100
Q

a type of injury typically resulting from high acceleration forces; can result in a stable unilateral facet dislocation in the c-spine

A

rotation flexion injury

101
Q

the point of the skull where the parietal bones join

A

sagittal suture

102
Q

the after effects of the primary injury including abnormal processes such as cerebral edema, ICP, cerebral ischemia, hypoxia, and infection; often delayed following primary brain injury

A

secondary brain injury

103
Q

injury to the spinal cord, thought to be the result in a progression of inflammatory responses from spinal cord injury

A

secondary spinal cord injury

104
Q

the structure at the top of the axial skeleton that houses the brain and consists of 28 bones that comprise the auditory ossicles, the cranium and the face

A

skull

105
Q

the act of declaring that a spinal injury is not present

A

spinal clearance

106
Q

the part of the central nervous system that extends downward from the brain through the foramen magnum and is protected by the spine

A

spinal cord

107
Q

the temporary local neurologic condition that occurs immediately after trauma; swelling and edema of the spinal cord begin immediately after injury, with severe pain and potential paralysis

A

spinal shock

108
Q

stretching or tearing of ligaments

A

sprain

109
Q

stretching or tearing of muscles or tendons

A

strain

110
Q

bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the CSF circulates

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

111
Q

the space located between the pia mater and the arachnoid

A

subarachnoid space

112
Q

an accumulation of blood beneath the dura but outside the brain

A

subdural hematoma

113
Q

bleeding between the periosteum of the skull and the galea aponeurosis

A

subgaleal hemorrhage

114
Q

a partial dislocation

A

subluxation

115
Q

the part of the diencephalon that is involved in controlling the motor functions

A

sub thalamus

116
Q

bleeding between the subgaleal area of the skull and the galea aponeurosis

A

supragaleal hematoma

117
Q

subdivision of the ANS that governs the body’s fight or flight reaction inducing smooth muscle contraction or relaxation of the vessels and bronchioles

A

sympathetic nervous system

118
Q

the portion of the brain that has an important role in hearing and memory

A

temporal lobe

119
Q

a structure that separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum and brainstem

A

tentorium

120
Q

the part of the diencephalon that processes most of the sensory input and influences mood and general body movements especially those associated with fear or rage

A

thalamus

121
Q

the junction of each pedicle and lamina on each side of a vertebra; these project laterally and posteriorly and form points of attachment for muscles and ligaments

A

transverse spinous process

122
Q

a traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, vocational changes

A

traumatic brain injury

TBI

123
Q

clenching of the teeth owing to spasm of the jaw muscles

A

trismus

124
Q

specialized hollow areas of the brain

A

ventricles

125
Q

anterior weight bearing structure in the spine made of cancellous bone and surrounded by a layer of hand compact bone that provide support and stability

A

vertebral body

126
Q

a type of injury typically resulting from a direct blow to the crown of the skull or rapid deceleration from a fall through the feet, legs, and pelvis, possibly causing a burst fracture or disk herniation

A

vertical compression

127
Q

the bone that extends along the front of the skull below the orbit

A

zygomatic arch

EMT-P (PAR 211-TRAUMA) (10 decks)

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