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Bio > Ch 33 > Flashcards

Ch 33 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What structure begins the production of sperm?

A

Testis, testes plural

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2
Q

Where is sperm matured

A

Epididymis

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3
Q

What hormones stimulate sperm production

A

FSH and testosterone

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4
Q

What is the result of gastrulation

A

3 cell layers

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5
Q

Which smooth muscle helps remove endometrium

A

Uterus

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6
Q

How long does a menstrual cycle last

A

28 days

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7
Q

What is a human zygote

A

one celled human, only for about 24 hours

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8
Q

What is a human embryo

A

multiple celled; till 9 weeks

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9
Q

What is a human fetus

A

After 9 weeks

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10
Q

What surrounds an egg while in ovary

A

follicle

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11
Q

What is the function of the scrotum

A

It helps the protein in the sperm from becoming denatured by holding the testes outside the body so they don’t get too hot

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12
Q

What are the steps in the process of fertilization

A

When the nuclei of a sperm and egg fused, is considered fertilized, happens in ovaries.

c. Sperm swim up uterus to oviducts
d. Acrosome of one sperm fuses with plasma membrane of secondary oocyte (egg)
e. Oocyte completes Meiosis II
i. Producing a mature ovum
1. Haploid
f. Ovum and sperm nuclei fuse
i. Forming diploid zygote

Then turns into zygote, one celled human. First cleavage turn it into two celled human, embryo. Then turns into hollow ball, blastocyst. Egg travels through oviducts with rhythmic cilia movements. Egg (ovum) is implanted in uterus

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13
Q

Describe fraternal and identical twins

A

a. Fraternal 2 eggs / 2 sperm with different genetic make-up

b. Identical twins are from 1 egg and 1 sperm where in the early stage of development the cells split

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14
Q

Know the structure of the sperm

A

a. Head
i. Acrosome at tip
1. Has enzymes to fuse with plasma membrane of ovum
ii. Nucleus with genetic material

b. Midpiece
i. Lots of mitochondria to supply ATP to the Tail
ii. Breaks off, so no paternal mitochondrial DNA contributed to the new H. sapiens

c. Tail
i. Flagellum that propels the sperm

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15
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A

Acts as a barrier between mother and child. Allows nutrients in, no waste, child’s waste is put through into bloodstream. Barrier to waste but not drugs

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16
Q

Describe the menstrual and ovarian cycles, including hormonal changes (be able to read and interpret the graph)

A

yee

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17
Q

What is testosterone needed for?

A

a. Make sperm
b. Creates secondary sex characteristics
i. Deep voice
ii. Stronger muscles

18
Q

What conditions are needed for fertilization to occur?

A

a. Egg needs to be viable (~24 hour time period)

b. Sperm need to be viable (~10 hours)

19
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur?

A

In the oviduct

20
Q

What is the purpose of mitochondria for sperm cells, and do they enter the ovum?

A

They don’t enter the ovum and they power the flagellum of a sperm cell.

21
Q

What happens to the cilia of a smoking woman

A

They slow down and can get implanted into oviducts

22
Q

What are cilia

A

Small hair like flagella on side of egg that rhythmically push egg through oviduct and into uterus

23
Q

What are potential consequences of damaged cilia?

A

Ciliary activity is reduced so

i. Oocyte might not make it into oviduct
ii. Ectopic pregnancy risk is greater because embryo may implant in oviduct

24
Q

What induces the shedding of the endometrium?

A

Decreasing progesterone and estrogen levels

25
Q

What is implantation? When does implantation usually occur?

A

a. When the blastula attaches to the endometrium of the uterus
b. Occurs 7 days after fertilization

26
Q

What happens if implantation does not occur?

a. In terms of hormones?
b. In terms of the endometrium

A

Progesterone and estrogen decrease

Endometrium is shed
Uterus smooth muscle contracts (cramps)
Blood and tissue is eliminated through the vagina

27
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics in females?

A

Larger breasts, wider hips, change in pitch of voice

28
Q

Ovaries

A

Eggs made and partially matured here

29
Q

Oviduct

A

Carries egg to uterus from ovary

30
Q

Uterus

A

Where new Homo sapiens develop

31
Q

Endometrium

A

Thin wall that lines the uterus; shed during menstruation

It builds in when estrogen and progesterone increase

32
Q

Cervix

A

Separates vagina and uterus

33
Q

Vagina

A

Receives the penis and is an exit for new baby

34
Q

Penis

A

Intromittent organ

Inside is the urethra

35
Q

testis

A

Sperm made here

36
Q

Epididymis

A

Stores sperm why they mature

37
Q

Vas deferens

A

Tube that carries sperm

38
Q

Seminal vessicle

A

Add clear fluid that nourishes and protects sperm

39
Q

Prostate

A

Adds a milky fluid that protects sperm

40
Q

Bulboreathreal gland

A

Protects the sperm and clears out urethra

41
Q

Urethra

A

Exit for sperm and semen in men

Exit for urine in female and male

Bio (9 decks)

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