Bio ch 5

Question 1

What are proteins made of?

Answer 1

Amino acids, the monomers

Question 2

What are carbon compounds called?

Answer 2

Organic

Question 3

How many bonds does carbon form?

Answer 3

four

Question 4

Why is carbon so versatile?

Answer 4

It has 4 valence electrons and can make many shapes

Question 5

What are lipids?

Answer 5

Fats, oils, Steroids

Question 6

What are properties of lipids?

Answer 6

Hydrophobic, so they don’t mix with water, because they are non-polar

Question 7

Where are lipids found?

Answer 7

Every cell in the body, found in food

Question 8

How do athletes “carb up?”

Answer 8

Eat lots of pasta, which have complex carbohydrates

Question 9

What is dietary fiber? And it’s utility?

Answer 9

Cleans out bowels, gets rid of cancer, makes you defecate

Question 10

What are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

Answer 10

Mono-one sugar, glucose. Di-two sugar,

Question 11

By what processes do polymers get made and broken down?

Answer 11

Dehydration takes the water away, build the polymers. Hydrolysis adds water and breaks the polymers

Question 12

What is the function of cellulose in nature?

Answer 12

Helps keep plants rigid, is the building structure

Question 13

How come humans can’t break down cellulose?

Answer 13

Cellulose is a sugar that provides rigid structure for plants. We cannot break it down because we do not have the enzyme cellulase

Question 14

What is the structure of a fat?

Answer 14

Backbone of glycerol and three strands of fatty acids

Question 15

What is the source of non-saturated vs saturated fats?

Answer 15

Unsaturated means it has at least one double bond in its three chains. Saturated have only single bonds and are healthy

Question 16

What do blood buffers do?

Answer 16

Restrict pH change, protecting us from lactic acid

Question 17

How does one identify an amino group?

Answer 17

Amino groups all have one nitrogen bond and one carboxyl group but the side group is what differentiates the amino acids

Question 18

What are the different sugars? And examples?

Answer 18

Monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide. The monomers in sugars are glucose. Usually represented by a hexagon. A disaccharide is sucrose which is broken by sucrase. A polysaccharide is a complex carbohydrate and is broken down when needed and stored as glycogen.

Question 19

Which carbs are used in cell metabolism?

Answer 19

Glucose is fundamental to make ATP

Question 20

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 20

Build structures like muscles, Hormones control areas from afar, Enzymes help chemical reactions occur

Question 21

What is the function of an enzyme?

Answer 21

Enzymes assist in chemical reactions

Question 22

Under what conditions do enzymes work best?

Answer 22

Enzymes work in narrow pH range because they are made of proteins. They have a peak efficiency at different temperatures, but the ones in our body work best at 38 C

Question 23

What is a catalyst?

Answer 23

A catalyst reduces the amount of energy needed for activation energy

Question 24

What is activation energy?

Answer 24

Activation energy is the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Question 25

What is the process in polymer building? Splitting?

Answer 25

Adding water known as hydrolysis

Question 26

What is cholesterol?

Answer 26

Cholesterol is a steroid, a type of lipid. There are good and bad types. High Density Lipoproteins are good and kill Low Density Lipoproteins. Not enough cholesterol makes blood vessels brittle

Question 27

How does one differentiate amino acids?

Answer 27

Every amino acid has a nitrogen group and a carboxyl group but the side groups determine the type of amino acids

Question 28

What is denaturation? Examples?

Answer 28

Denaturation is the unfolding of proteins to polypeptides. This is caused by strong pH’s or cooking with heat. Bad for enzymes

Question 29

What are trans-fats?

Answer 29

The only unhealthy saturated fats, banned in places

Question 30

What is amylase?

Answer 30

Amylase is what breaks down starch, a type of carbohydrate known as a polysaccharide

Question 31

What supplies the main fuel for cells to do work?

Answer 31

Glucose, which is a carb and a sugar, known as a monosaccharide

Question 32

What are hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

Answer 32

Hydrophobic are nonpolar molecules so they don’t mix with water. Hydrophilic are polar molecules so they mix with water

Question 33

Give examples of steroidal and proteinaceous hormones

Answer 33

Steroidal are lipid based and include the testosterone and estrogen while the proteinaceous include serotonin

Question 34

What are HDL’s and LDL’s?

Answer 34

High Density Lipoproteins and Low Density Lipoproteins. HDLs are good because they kill LDLs which create plaque. If you don’t have enough cholesterol it causes brittle blood vessels and increases stroke risk

Question 35

Be able to recognize structures of the 3 main molecule types.

Answer 35

The three main molecule types are Hydroxyl-OH/ Carboxyl-C=O-OH/ Carbonyl C=O

Question 36

What do buffers do?

Answer 36

Restrict the pH change to protect the proteins in enzymes

Question 37

What are polypeptides?

Answer 37

Unfolded proteins. Minimum of 9 amino acids, the monomer. Unfolded means there are no interconnections, it’s just one long chain

Question 38

What do carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl have to make clear

Answer 38

Carbonyl- C=O

Carboxyl- C=O-OH

Hydroxyl- -OH