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RADT 3020 Rad. Procedures 1 > Ch. 3 Thorax And Chest Positioning > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Thorax And Chest Positioning Flashcards

1
Q

What organs are in the respiratory system?

A

Pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and two lungs

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2
Q

Trachea

A

Fibrous, muscular tube with 16-20 C shaped rings in its walls for strength, anterior to the esophagus lines in the midline (midsagittal plane)

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3
Q

Carnia

A

A hooklike process in the trachea this is where it splits into two, splits into the right and left primary bronchus

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4
Q

Bifurcates

A

Another word for divide in terms of the trachea

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5
Q

Right primary bronchus

A

Shorter, wider, more vertical than left, position and size make it easier for foreign bodies to enter

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6
Q

Subdivision of the bronchial tree in order

A

Primary brunchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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7
Q

What do the terminal bronchioles do?

A

They communicate with the alveolar ducts

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8
Q

Alveolar ducts end in what?

A

Alveolar sacs

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9
Q

Walls of the alveolar sacs are lined with __________.

A

Alveoli

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10
Q

What occurs in the alveoli?

A

Gas exchange by diffusion,nth is is the functional unit of the lunch

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11
Q

Anatomy of the lungs

A

Organs for respiration, apex, base, costophrenic angles, hilum

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12
Q

Location of the Apex of the lung

A

It reaches above the clavicles

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13
Q

Base of the lungs

A

Rests on the diaphragm, lower in the back and sides than in the front

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14
Q

What lies on the end and lateral sides of the lungs?

A

Costophrenic angles

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15
Q

What is the medial border of the lungs?

A

The hilum

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16
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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17
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

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18
Q

Horizontal fissure

A

Only on right lung, separates the middle and superior lobes

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19
Q

Oblique fissure

A

Separates the inferior and middle lobes at an angle on the right side and separates the inferior and superior lobes at an angle on the left side

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20
Q

Right Lung

A

Shorter than the left due to the presence of the liver, broader than the left as well

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21
Q

Inspiration

A

Lungs move inferiorly, full of air

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22
Q

Expiration

A

Lungs move superiorly, empty air

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23
Q

Pleura

A

Each lung is enclosed in this double walled serous membrane sac, 2 layers

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24
Q

2 layers of pleura

A

Visceral pleura, parietal pleura

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25
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Inner layer, on the surface of the organ

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26
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Outer layer, on the outer surface, closer to skin

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27
Q

Mediastinum

A

separates pleural cavities

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28
Q

Area/ location of the thorax

A

Bounded by the sternum anteriorly, the spine posteriorly, and the lungs laterally

29
Q

Body habits and lungs

A

Asthenic - rly long and narrow (old men)
Hyposthenic - longer lungs
Sthenic - normal
Hypersthenic - shorter longs, apices of the lungs do no show above clavicles

30
Q

How many chambers does the thoracic cavity have and what are they?

A

3: Pericardial cavity, and right and left pleural cavities

31
Q

Patient preparation before procedure

A

Look for any special needs for patient, know where to retrieve patient, check two forms of ID, Make sure having right thing done, remove artifacts, ask if pregnant (11-55)

32
Q

Ambulatory

A

Patient can walk or sit on there own

33
Q

Non-ambulatory

A

Patient in wheelchair or stretcher

34
Q

How do you position an non-ambulatory patient?

A

Supine if air fluid levels are not essential
Decubitus if air fluid levels are essential (if they can’t sit upright)
Upright in stretcher if possible

35
Q

What is SID?

A

Source to image distance

36
Q

The SID for a chest X-ray

A

72 inches

37
Q

Where should markers be placed on a chest X-ray and which one?

A

The Left is the most commonly used so you do not have to change between PA and Lateral, it needs to be placed in the upper left hand corner

38
Q

Shielding

A

Every patient every time, reproductive age and pediatric patients

39
Q

3 things you can do to protect from radiation?

A

Shield, collimate, and technique

40
Q

What size cassette is used for a chest X-ray?

A

14 x 17

41
Q

Patient instruction for chest X-ray:

A

Give clear instructions, one step at a time, try to demonstrate when possible, deep and double inspiration - vital for lung expansion

42
Q

When would 2 X-rays be taken on purpose in the PA position for a chest X-ray?

A

When a X-ray is needed for both inspiration and expiration, examples of illness: pneumothorax, diaphragm movement, presence of foreign body, and atelectasis

43
Q

Emphysema (COPD) on an X-ray

A

Looks like a barrel chest

44
Q

Metastases on an X-ray

A

Cancerous lesion, looks like cotton balls in lungs

45
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Liquid in the lungs

46
Q

Pnemothorax on and X-ray

A

On an X-ray there will be NO lung markings

47
Q

Chest Projections

A

PA, lateral, AP, AP Axial

48
Q

Posterioranterior chest projection

A

PA - CR enters the posterior and exits the anterior then hits the IR

49
Q

Lateral position on a chest

A

Left lateral, left side closest to the IR to decrease magnification of the heart

50
Q

Anteriorposterior chest projection

A

AP - CR enters the anterior and exits the posterior then hits the IR

51
Q

AP Axial chest projection

A

Angulated/ angled

52
Q

What projections are used for a decubitus position?

A

(Laying down, horizontal CR)

Use AP or PA laying down on left AND right sides, use lateral laying down ventral and dorsal

53
Q

What is the normal projection used for a chest X-ray and why?

A

PA and Left Lateral , it decreases magnification

54
Q

How to preform a PA chest in order of patient positioning.

A

Upright if possible to demonstrate air fluid levels, patient facing IR (PA), MSP centered, relax shoulders, chin slightly tilted up, Light on IR should be 1 - 1 1/2 inches above shoulders, dorsal surface of hands on hips, roll shoulders forward, shield, and deep inspiration hold on the second

55
Q

For a chest X-ray the CR should be _________ to the IR.

A

Perpendicular

56
Q

For a chest X-ray the CR should enter at the level of….

A

T7 ( inferior angle of the scapula)

57
Q

How many inches of light should be showing above the shoulders for a chest X-ray?

A

1- 1 1/2 inches

58
Q

What to look for on a chest X-ray to see if it is acceptable?

A

Apices should be above clavicles, costophrenic notches should be completely visible, ribs should be superior to check for full inspiration, check rotation either by symmetry of clavicles or ribs or by the spinous processes being centered (will look like circles).

59
Q

How to position a patient for a L Lateral chest X-rays?

A

Upright, MCP perpendicular to IR and parallel to CR, left side against IR (always left lateral unless other wise stated by physician), arms raised elbows flexed and resting on head, light should be 1- 1 1/2 inches above shoulders, shield, 2 deep inspirations while holding in the second, expose

60
Q

For a lateral chest X-ray how is the CR positioned?

A

The CR is perpendicular to the IR, and enters at the level of T7

61
Q

What should be in a L lateral chest X-ray to make it acceptable?

A

Costophrenic angle, vertebral bodies, spinous processes should be circles, sternum should be lateral, apices

62
Q

AP chest positioning a patient

A

Patient is supine or erect and the rest is exactly the same as positioning a patient in PA

63
Q

CR positioning for a AP chest projection

A

The CR should be perpendicular to IR, the CR should be 3 inches below jugular notch

64
Q

How to position patient for an AP Axial (Lordotic) projection

A

Position the patient 1 foot away from IR, assist the patient in leaning back towards the IR, light should be 3 inches above shoulders, MSP centered, MCP should form 15-20 degree angle with IR, shield, 2 inspirations holding the second, expose

65
Q

For an AP Axial (Lordotic) X-ray the CR should be….

A

Perpendicular to IR and entering at the level of midsternum

66
Q

AP or PA Decubitus positioning of the patient

A

Patient is lying down on the left side (and on the right side for the second exposure), arms are stretched out above the head, MCP perpendicular to table, anterior or posterior side against IR, allow patient to sit for 5 minutes in this position before exposure, light above shoulders should be 1 1/2 - 2 inches

67
Q

How the CR should be positioned for a decubitus patient position?

A

Horizontal beam, perpendicular to IR, 3 inches below jugular notch, CR at the level of T7

68
Q

Ventral/ dorsal decubitus positioning of a patient

A

Position patient supine or prone, elevate patient, arms extended over head, lateral side against IR, allow patient to lie for 5 minutes, top of IR should be at the level of thyroid, two deep inspirations hold on second, shield, expose

69
Q

How should the CR be positioned for a ventral/ dorsal decubitus position?

A

The CR should be horizontal, perpendicular to IR, for dorsal - 3 to 4 inches below jugular notch, for ventral - level of T7

RADT 3020 Rad. Procedures 1 (6 decks)

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