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RADT 3020 Rad. Procedures 1 > Ch. 2 - Bones And More Positions > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Bones And More Positions Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the body?

A

206

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2
Q

The skeleton is decided into two main groups, what are they?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Supports and protects the head and trunk, comprised of 80 bones

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4
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Provides means of movement, comprised of 126 bones

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5
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer, denser lay of the bone, tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone except at the articular ends

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6
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines marrow cavity

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7
Q

Trabeculae

A

Speculated network filled with red and yellow bone marrow

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8
Q

Red marrow

A

Produces white and red blood cells

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9
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Stores fat cells

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10
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Central cavity of long bones, contains trabeculae with yellow marrow, red marrow found at the ends of long bones

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11
Q

Ossification

A

The development and formation of bones, begins in the second month of embryonic life

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12
Q

Primary ossification

A

Begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones

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13
Q

Secondary ossification

A

Begins after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones (the ends are called epiphyses)

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14
Q

Epiphyses

A

The separate bones developed after birth at the ends of long bones

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15
Q

5 classifications of bones

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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16
Q

Long bones

A

Have a body and two enlarged articulate ends,found only in limbs
Examples: femur, radius, ulna, fibula, tibia, humerus

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17
Q

Short bones

A

Consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone
Examples: tarsals, carpals

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18
Q

Flat bones

A

Consist of two plates of compact bone, middle layer of cancellous bone called diploe
Examples: skull, scapula

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19
Q

Irregular bones

A

Peculiarly shaped

Examples: spine

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20
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Very small and oval, develop inside and beside tendons, protect the tendon from excessive wear

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21
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone?

A

Patella

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22
Q

3 bone markings and features

A

Processes or Projections, depressions, fractures

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23
Q

Bone Processes and projections

A

Extend beyond or project out from the main body of the bone

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24
Q

Bone functions

A

Attachment for muscles, mechanical basis for movement, protection of internal organs, support frame for the body, stores calcium phosphorus and salts, production of red and white blood cells

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25
Q

Bone Depressions

A

Hollow or depressed areas

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26
Q

Bone fractures

A

A break in a bone

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27
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded process at an articulate end

Ex: distal end of the femur

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28
Q

Coracoid or coronoid

A

Beaklike or crownlike process

Ex: on the shoulders or elbows

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29
Q

Crest

A

Ridgelike process

Ex: pelvis (iliac crest)

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30
Q

Epicondyle

A

Projection above a condyle

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31
Q

Head

A

An expanded end of a long bone

Ex: femoral head

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32
Q

Malleolus

A

Club shaped process

Ex: fibula and tibia

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33
Q

Protuberance

A

Projecting prominence

Ex: occipital protuberance

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34
Q

Styloid

A

Long pointed process

Ex: radius, ulna

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35
Q

Trochanter

A

Either of the two larger, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur

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36
Q

Tubercle

A

Small rounded and elevated process

Ex: proximal end of the humerus

37
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, rounded, elevated process

Ex: anterior superior iliac spine (bump on front side of hip)

38
Q

Foramen

A

Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves

Ex: foramen magnum

39
Q

Fossa

A

Pit or hollow space

Ex: glenoid fossa

40
Q

Meatus

A

Tubelike passageway

Ex: auditory meatus

41
Q

Sinus

A

Recess, groove, cavity or hollow space

Ex: maxillary, sphenoid, frontal, and ethanoid

42
Q

How can fractures be describe?

A

Open or closed

And displaced or nondisplaced

43
Q

Fracture classifications

A

Compression, compound, simple, greenstick, transverse, spiral or oblique, comminuted, impacted

44
Q

Simple fracture

A

Straight break

45
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Not broke all the way through bone, usually seen in children

46
Q

Transverse fracture

A

90 degree break

47
Q

Spiral/ oblique fracture

A

Broke at an angle

48
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Shattered bone

49
Q

Impacted fracture

A

Bone shoved into itself

50
Q

3 types of motion when imaging..

A

Involuntary, voluntary, equipment

51
Q

Involuntary motion

A

Heartbeat, chills, perstalsis, remor, spasm, pain

52
Q

Primary control for involuntary motion?

A

Exposure time

53
Q

Voluntary motion

A

Nervousness, excitability, discomfort, mental illness, fear, age, breathing

54
Q

How to control voluntary motion?

A

Give clear instructions, provide patient comfort, add or adjust support devices, apply immobilization, decrease exposure time

55
Q

Required information for an image ID?

A

Date, patients name, medical record, right or left marker, institution identity

56
Q

How are radiographs viewed?

A

In the anatomical position

57
Q

Lateral radiographs

A

Generally viewed from the same orientation as if looking at the patient from the perspective of the X-ray tube, use the marker for whatever side is closest to the IR

58
Q

Oblique radiographs

A

Generally viewed from the anatomical position

59
Q

IR placement

A

Longitudinal, horizontal, corner to corner

60
Q

Central Ray

A

CR - the central or principle beam of Rays, always centered to the image receptor, the CR is perpendicular to the IR

61
Q

Why angel the CR through a point of interest?

A

To avoid superimposition of structures, to straighten out curved structure, to align the CR through an angled joint space,to avoid distortion of an angled structure

62
Q

What is it called when the central ray is angled towards the head?

A

Cephalad

63
Q

What is it called when the central ray is angled towards the feet?

A

Caudad

64
Q

Collimators?

A

Are used to limit and adjust the size of the X-ray field

65
Q

Why collimate?

A

Reduces: patient radiation dose, scatter radiation
Increases radiographic contrast
Prevents secondary radiation from unnecessarily xposing surrounding tissues

66
Q

Shielding guidelines for the gonads..

A

Shield when gonads lie close or within the X-ray field, hen clinical objective is not compromised, and when he patient is at reproductive potential

67
Q

Projection

A

Defined as the path of the beam s it exits the X-ray tube, passes through the patient to the IR

68
Q

Position

A

Overall posture of the Agilent or general body position, also refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table or IR

69
Q

View

A

Used to describe the body part as seen by the IR

70
Q

Method

A

Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual

71
Q

Essential projections

A

PA, AP, Axial, Tangential, lateral, oblique

72
Q

AP

A

The CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior

73
Q

PA

A

The CR enters posterior surface and exits the anterior

74
Q

Axial

A

Longitudinal angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more

75
Q

Tangential

A

CR directed around the outer margin of a curved body surface

76
Q

Lateral

A

CR enters one side of the body, passing transversely along the coronal plane

77
Q

Oblique

A

CR enters from side angle (exit and entrance is specific ex: AP oblique)

78
Q

General body positions

A

Upright, seated, recumbent, supine, prone, lateral position

79
Q

Recumbent

A

Laying down

80
Q

Supine

A

On back

81
Q

Prone

A

On stomach

82
Q

Oblique position

A

Body is rotated, coronal plane is not parallel with the IR, it is named according to the side and surface of the body closest to the IR,
Ex: RPO - right posterior oblique

83
Q

Decubitus position

A

Alternative to standing, recumbent position with a perpendicular CR, named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying

84
Q

Lordotic position

A

Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward, this is used in a chest X-ray when the clavicles are in the way

85
Q

Special positions

A

Trendelenburg’s, Fowler’s, Sim’s, Lithotomy

86
Q

Trendelenburg’s position

A

Supine with the head lower than the feet

87
Q

Fowler’s position

A

Supine with head elevated

88
Q

Sim’s position

A

Recumbent with the patient lying on the left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed, used when giving a barium enema

89
Q

Lithotomy position

A

Supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports, not used very much

RADT 3020 Rad. Procedures 1 (6 decks)

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