Abdomen Flashcards
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
Stomach, small intestines, large intestines, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys
Pelvic cavity
Rectum, sigmoid, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
Peritoneum
Double walled membranous sac that enclosed the cavity
Inner layer of peritoneum
Visceral
Outer layer of the peritoneum
Parietal
Retroperitoneum
Space behind peritoneum, kidneys and pancreas lie in this space
Where would the diaphragm and gallbladder be in a hypersthenic patient?
Higher than normal
In a asthenic patient where would the gallbladder lie?
Lower than normal
What is preliminary preparation for in an abdomen and KUB?
To clear out all fecal material
What would a general preliminary preparation consist of?
Controlled diet, laxative, enemas
Preliminary preparation is not administered to….
Acutely ill patients, or those expected with suspected visceral rupture, perforation, or obstruction
What is a good kVp for an abdomen that does not include contrast?
70-85 kVp
What is a good technique for an abdomen?
AP= 75 kVp @ 200 mAs with all three AEC captivated @ 40 inches
What tissue structures should be seen in an abdomen X-ray to determine effective technique?
Lower liver boarder, psoas muscles, kidneys, lower ribs, transverse process of lumbar vertebra
Digestive system
Enter and exit, consists of an alimentary tract and accessory organs that contribute to digestion, contained in the abdominopelvic cavity, extends from diaphragm to bony pelvis, consists of two parts: abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
What is the IR size used for an abdomen X-ray?
14 x 17 (portrait)
What SID is used for an abdominal X-ray?
40” (inches)
How do you collimate an abdominal X-ray?
Collimate to the edges of the body
Breathing instructions for an abdominal X-ray?
Exposure should be made at the end of expiration to avoid compression of organs
Bowel obstruction
Blockage of the bowel
ileus
Failure of bowel peristalsis
Pneumoperitoneum
Presence of air in the peritoneal cavity
Tumor
New tissue growth where cell proliferation is uncontrollable
What is the most common projections used for KUB’s?
AP Supine, and upright positions
What projections are generally used for an abdomen series (three way abdomen)?
AP SUPINE, AP UPRIGHT, AND PA CHEST
What does an abdominal series demonstrate?
Air fluid levels, pneumoperitoneum, and abdominal contents
How to position an AP abdomen supine..
Patient is on his/her back, support knees to reduce strain, IR and CR centered on iliac crests on MSP, make sure pubic symphysis is included
A hypersthenic patient may require _______ crosswise abdominal images.
2
Very tall patients may require a _________ image on the abdominal X-ray.
Bladder
What should an AP abdomen image include to be considered acceptable? (Structure and organ wise)
It should include the area from the pubic symphysis to the upper abdomen (diaphragm), the abdomen should be aligned and centered, the ribs pelvis and hips should be on there, no rotation: check iliac crests and alae wing symmetry and spinous processes to see if they are in the center of the vertebrae
Soft tissue gray tones should demonstrate what in an AP supine abdomen image?
Psoas muscles, lower border of the liver, kidneys, inferior ribs, transverse processes of the vertebra, and right or left marker visible but not in anatomy
AP abdomen upright, how to position patient, IR, and CR..
Stand patient with back to the buckey, MSP centered to buckey, weight equally distributed on both feet, IR should be centered two inches above the iliac crests (top of light should be right under the armpit), needs to be high enough to include the diaphragm, the CR should be perpendicular horizontal and centered to the IR
For an AP upright abdomen, if you wanted to demonstrate the __________ you would need to center the CR 2 inches above the iliac crests, but if you wanted to demonstrate the ________ you would position the CR right at the iliac crests.
Diaphragm ; bladder
What is something we want to demonstrate by taking an AP upright abdominal X-ray?
Air fluid levels
PA upright abdominal X-ray should be considered when…
The kidneys are not of primary interest, it reduces gonadal dose
When considering patient position and structures included the AP and PA abdominal X-rays are the same. True or false?
True
AP abdomen left lateral decubitus patient position, IR, and CR.
Reformed in place of upright position for patients who are too ill to stand, recumbent left lateral on a radiolucent pad, arms above the level of the diaphragm, knees flexed slightly, center iliac crests with IR or two inches above if diaphragm is to be demonstrated, vertical grid is to be centered aligned with the MSP, the CR is perpendicular and horizontal to the center of the IR
If both abdominal sides cannot be demonstrated in the AP abdominal left lateral decubitus and fluid is suspected demonstrate the side that is ________. If pneumoperitoneum is suspected demonstrate the side that is _________.
Down ; up
When doing an AP abdomen decubitus, what marker is used?
You can use left or the right but make sure it is on the correct side of the body. example, for a left lateral decubitus the patients left side is on the table therefore you can put your right marker on the side facing up.
