Ch 3 - Social Beliefs and Judgments (Exam 1) Flashcards
1
Q
automatic thinking/system 1
A
- unconscious, default
- fast
- very little cognitive effort
2
Q
controlled thinking/system 2
A
- conscious, something happens to trigger this
- logical
- cognitive effort needed
3
Q
social scripts
A
- guide social behaviours and expectations for events
- help us navigate complex social interactions
4
Q
priming
A
- previous experiences automatically influence our subsequent thought, feelings, and behaviours
- effects can occur with subliminal stimuli
5
Q
embodied cognition
A
- relationship between mental processes and bodily sensations
- bodily sensations can prime social cognitions
6
Q
heuristics
A
- we rely on mental shortcuts to make judgments
- automatic
7
Q
cognitive Miser model
A
- we use heuristics to reserve our cognitive resources for important decisions
8
Q
availability heuristic
A
- tendency to predict likelihood of something based on how easily relevant examples come to mind
9
Q
representativeness heuristic
A
- judge the tendency of someone belonging to a category based on the typical features of that category
- sterotyping
10
Q
counterfactual thinking
A
- controlled thinking
- imagine how things could’ve turned out differently
11
Q
upward counterfactual thinking
A
- how things could’ve been better
- may be adaptive
- can lead to greater distress when reflecting on uncontrollable events
12
Q
downward counterfactual thinking
A
- imagining how things could’ve been worse
- used to enhance feelings of well-being
- promotes gratitude
- ie. Olympic silver medalists lower happiness than bronze
13
Q
analytical thinking
A
- Western cultures
- pay close attention to things in the foreground, ignore context
14
Q
holistic thinking
A
- Eastern cultures
- pay attention to the whole picture
15
Q
self-fulfilling prophecy
A
- initial perceptions of others influence our behaviour towards them
- how we act can change their behaviour in a way that matches our perception
16
Q
attribution theory
A
- explanations for behavioural themed attributions
17
Q
2 types of attributions (Fritz Heider)
A
- personal (internal): behaviour attributed to a person’s personality, attitudes, and character
- situational (external): behaviour attributed to external factors beyond a person’s control
18
Q
the fundamental attribution bias
A
- tendency to explain behaviour in terms of internal attributes rather than external or situational factors
19
Q
we tend to (1) underestimate the power of the _______ and (2) overestimate the influence of our __________
A
- situation
- personality traits
20
Q
why do we commit the fundamental attribution bias
A
- we perceive others’ actions from a different perspective than we do our own
- we lack info about others’ circumstances
21
Q
2-step attribution process
A
(1) automatically assign an internal attribution
(2) slow down to consider alternative explanations
22
Q
belief in a just world
A
- inherent need to believe that the world is fundamentally fair
- good people are rewarded, bad people face consequences
- contributes to victim blaming
