Ch 3 Part 1

Question 1

Aldehyde

Question 2

Amino Group

Answer 2

Amino group (R—NH2): a nitrogen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms
◦ ◦
 Ionized amino group accepts a proton and has one unit of positive charge (R—NH3+) Components of amino acids and nucleic acids

Question 3

Amphipathic

Answer 3

Phospholipids are amphipathic lipids, with one hydrophilic end and one hydrophobic end

Question 4

Carbohydrate

Answer 4

contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a ratio of approximately 1C:2H:1O (CH2O)n

Sugars, starches and cellulose

 Sugars and starches
Can contain:
One sugar unit (monosaccharides) 
Two sugar units (disaccharides) 
Many sugar units (polysaccharides)

Question 5

Carbon

Answer 5

Covalently bonded carbon atoms form the backbone of these molecules

The carbon atom forms bonds with more different elements than any other type of atom

A carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming a total of four covalent bonds Carbon-to-carbon bonds are strong and not easily broken
◦
Three types: single, double, and triple
Hydrocarbons can exist as unbranched or branched chains, or as rings

Freedom of rota on around each carbon-to-carbon single bond permits organic
molecules to assume a variety of shapes

Question 6

Carboxyl Group

Answer 6

(R—COOH): a carbon joined by a double covalent bond to an oxygen, and by a single covalent bond to another oxygen bonded to a hydrogen
◦

Question 7

Carbonyl Group

Answer 7

Carbonyl group: a carbon atom that has a double covalent bond with an oxygen atom
◦
Example: aldehyde and ketone

Question 8

Carotenoids

Answer 8

Lipids
Carotenoids are orange and yellow plant pigments

Most animals convert carotenoids to vitamin A, which can be converted to the visual pigment retinal

Question 9

Cellulose

Answer 9

structural polysaccharide in plants. Insoluble polysaccharide. B glucose joined by B 1-4 linkages

Question 10

Condensation Reaction

Answer 10

The equivalent of a water molecule (2H 1 O) is removed during the reaction that combine monomers. energy is required and different enzymes regulate the process

Question 11

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 11

Dehydration Synthesis is another name for condensation reaction

Question 12

Disaccharide

Answer 12

two monosaccharide rings joined by a glycosidic linkage, consisting of a central oxygen covalently bonded to two carbons, one in each ring
Common disaccharides:
Maltose (malt sugar): 2 covalently linked α-glucose units
Sucrose (table sugar): 1 glucose + 1 fructose
Lactose (milk sugar): 1 glucose + 1 galactose

Question 13

Disulfide Bond

Question 14

Ester Bond/linkage

Answer 14

3 condensation rxns, each time the equivalent of h2o is removed as one of the glycerol’s hydroxyl group reacts with carboxyl group of a fatty acid, resulting in this covalent linkage

First reaction yields a monoacylglycerol (monoglyceride)
Second yields a diacylglycerol (diglyceride)
Third yields a triacylglycerol (triglyceride)

Question 15

Fatty Acid

Answer 15

a long unbranched hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end

Question 16

Functional Groups

Answer 16

A group of atoms that help determine the types of chemical reactions and associations in which the compound participates.. most are ready to form associations

Question 17

Glucose

Answer 17

The most abundant monosaccharaide
used as energy
used to synthesize amino acids and fatty acids

Question 18

Glycerol

Question 19

Glycogen

Question 20

Glycosidic Linkage

Answer 20

a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group,

Question 21

Hydrocarbon

Answer 21

Organic compounds consisting only of carbon and hydrogen that exist as unbranched or branched chains and rings. Rings and chains are joined in some compounds

Question 22

Hydrolosis Reaction

Answer 22

a hydrogen from a water attaches to 1 monomer and a hydroxyl from water attaches to the adjacent monomer

Question 23

Hydroxyl Group

Answer 23

R-OH

polar because of the presence of the strongly electronegative oxygen atom.

Question 24

Isomer

Answer 24

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures are called isomers. There are structural isomers, geometric isomers and enantiomers

Question 25

Ketone

Question 26

Lipid

Answer 26

A lipid is chemically defined as a substance that is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform

Question 27

Monomer

Answer 27

small organic compounds that link together to from polymers

Question 28

Monosaccharide

Answer 28

Typically contain three to seven carbon atoms

a hydroxyl group is bonded to each carbon except one; that carbon is double bonded to an oxygen atom forming a carbonyl group

Question 29

Organic Chemistry

Question 30

Organic Molecules

Question 31

Phospholipid

Question 32

Polymer

Answer 32

Monomers joined together

Question 33

Polysaccharide

Answer 33

macromolecule consisting of repeating units of simple sugars, usually glucose

Question 34

Saturated Fatty Acid

Answer 34

no double bonds in carbon chain

Question 35

Starch

Question 36

Steroid

Question 37

Sulfhydral Group

Answer 37

R-SH
1 sulfur atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom
contribute to structure of proteins

Question 38

Triacylglycerol

Question 39

Triglyceride

Question 40

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Question 41

Phosphate Group

Answer 41

R-PO4H2
weakly acidic
the attraction of electrons by the oxygen atoms can result in the release of 1 or 2 hydrogen ions—making ions with -1 or -2 charge.
components of nucleic acids and amino acids