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Anatomy > Ch 3 - outline > Flashcards

Ch 3 - outline Flashcards

1
Q

overview of cells

A
  • size and shape
  • composition: cytoplasm, organelles, cell interior surrounded by plasma membrane
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2
Q

what are the 3 main parts of a cell?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. nucleus
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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

structure: forms outer layer is a thin 2 layer “wall”
- wall of phospholipids studded with proteins
functions: cholesterol - between the layers to prevent breakage
4. carbohydrate chains on surface = ID of cell type

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  1. the fluid between the cell wall and the nucleus
  2. cytoskeleton: made up of microfilaments (thread) and microtubules
  3. organelles
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5
Q

what are the organelles found in cytoplasm of a human?

A
  1. ribosomes
  2. endoplasmic reticulum
  3. golgi apparatus
    4.mitochondria
  4. lysosomes
  5. centrosome
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6
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • made up of 2 tiny subunits of rRNA
  • makes enzymes and protein
    “ protein factory”
  • free : makes protein to be used by the cell
  • attached to rough ER: protein is secreted out
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7
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

a system of membranes forming a network of connecting sacs and canals that wind back and forth through cytoplasm carrying substances.
Rough ER collects, folds, and transports new proteins. (attached ribosomes makes it rough)
Smooth ER synthesizes chemicals; makes new membrane. manufactures lipids, carbs, proteins for membrane .

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8
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

“chemical processing and packaging center”
Tiny flattened sacs stacked on one another near the nucleus.
bubbles/sacs(vesicles) break off smooth ER carrying new proteins to golgi apparatus.

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • 1 inner and 1 outer membrane layers containing sacs
  • inner layer forms folds.
  • “power plant”
  • enzymes involved with energy releasing chemical reactions to “recharge” (cellular respiration)
  • each contains 1 DNA molecule
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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

“digestive bags”
- membrane enclosed packets(sacs) containing digestive enzymes.
- eats microbes

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11
Q

Centrosome

A
  • microtubule organizing region of the cytoskeleton near the nucleus
  • Centrioles: paired organelles found within the centrosome at right angles during cell reproduction
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12
Q

Nucleus

A
  • controls cell because it contains most of the genetic code (genome), instructions for making proteins, which determines cell structure and function.
  • contains nuclear envelope (2 membranes), & nucleoplasm (nucleolus & chromatin granules)
  • 46 chromosomes
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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

a dense region of the nuclear material that is critical in protein information

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14
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell suicide to make space for newer cells

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15
Q

what are the 3 major types of cell extensions?

A
  1. microvilli
  2. cilia
  3. flagella
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16
Q

Microvilli

A

small, fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane that increases surface area and produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cellc

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17
Q

Cilia

A

hair like extensions with inner microtubules found on free or exposed surfaces of cells.
- sensory functions
can move in wave like motion to move mucus

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18
Q

Flagella

A

single projection extending from cell surface.
“tails” of sperm cells

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19
Q

the plasma membrane allows what are the two types of transport processes that allows substances to enter the cell?

A
  1. passive transport (no energy)
  2. active transport (energy)
20
Q

what are some important Passive Transport Processes that move substances through membranes?

A
  1. diffusion
  2. dialysis
  3. osmosis
  4. filtration
21
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of particles through membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
* scatter evenly
(think: sugar in coffee)
ex: movement of CO2 out of cells; movement of sodium ions into nerve cells as they conduct an impulse

22
Q

Osmosis

A

passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane in the presence of at least one impermeant solute.

  • think: youre making the surface area (water) smaller on the left so that the percentage of the albumin in left water is equal to the right since now the right side has more water (surface area) to accommodate that it has more albumin on that side creating an equilibrium between the two.
23
Q

Filtration

A

movement of water and small solute particles, but not larger particles, through a filtration membrane; movement occurs from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
ex: in the kidney, movement of water and small solutes from blood vessels but lack of movement by blood proteins and blood cells; begins formation of urine.

24
Q

semipermeable

A

substances small enough to pass can pass through but larger particles cannot

25
Q

permeabillity

A

the ability of a membrane to allow substances to pass through it

26
Q

Solutes

A

substances dissolved in the water

27
Q

Dialysis

A

Some solutes move across a semipermeable membrane by diffusion and others do not.
(think like a tea bag)

28
Q

Active transport process

A

involves the “uphill” movement of a substance through a living cell membrane
“uphill” = from a lower to higher concentration
* think: against the current

29
Q

what are 3 active transport processes?

A
  1. Ion Pump
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Pinocytosis
30
Q

Ion Pump

A
  • complex membrane
    ex: potassium-sodium coupled pumps to allow both in and out at the same time.
31
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“cell eating”
- engulf large particles in a vesicle as a protective mechanism used to destroy bacteria

32
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”
- engulfs fluids or dissolved substances into cells

33
Q

who directs protein synthesis?

A

DNA and RNA

34
Q

what are DNAs base pairs?

A

adenine- thymine
guanine-cytosine

35
Q

what dictates formation of enzymes and other proteins by ribosomes, thereby indirectly determining a cell’s structure and function?

A

Genes

36
Q

RNA

A
  • consist of molecules made from genes that do not code directly for proteins
  • regulates cell processes (protein synthesis)
  • subunits are made from nucleotides, ribose (sugar) and uracil instead of thymine
37
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

is the process of transferring genetic information from the nucleus into the cytoplasm where proteins are produced.

requires: transcription and translation

37
Q

transcription

A

DNA separates to form messenger RNA (mRNA).
mRNA then leaves nucleus to the cytoplasm to direct protein synthesis in the ribosomes and ER

38
Q

Translation

A
  • translation of code in mRNA to synthesis proteins in cytoplasm in ribosomes.
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries a specific amino acid and has an anticodon
39
Q

anticodon

A

a three base sequence that compliments the mRNA codon that signifies that amino acid during translation in protein synthesis.

  • think* codon = original pattern in DNA, anticodon is the opposite or the “significant other” of the codon sequence since they will always couple with the same “color”
    (fig 3-13 good example/explanation)
40
Q

what are the 5 phases of the cell life cycle?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
    IP. MAT
41
Q

Prophase

A

first stage of mitosis.
- Chromatin granules organize into visible chromosomes and attach at the centromere.
- nuclear envelopes disappear, spindle fibers appear

42
Q

Metaphase

A

second stage
- Chromosomes align across center of cell
- spindle fibers attach to each chromatid

43
Q

Anaphase

A

third stage
- centromeres break apart & move away from the center
“cleavage furrow” = cell is starting to divide into 2

44
Q

Telophase

A

fourth stage
- cell division is complete
- nuclear envelope and nuclei reappear
- cytoplasm & organelles divide equally

45
Q

Interphase

A

cell not actively dividing

Anatomy (17 decks)

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