Ch 3: Inflammation & Repair

Question 1

define inflammation

Answer 1

a response of vascularized tissues that delivers leukocytes and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites of infection and cell damage to eliminate the ofensing agents

Question 2

what are three mediators of inflammation that are found in the blood or tissue

Answer 2

phagocytic leukocytes, antibodies, and complement proteins

Question 3

define the suffix -itis

Answer 3

inflammation

Question 4

what are the two principal components of the inflammatory response

Answer 4

blood vessles (vascular) and leukocytes (cellular)

Question 5

how does a blood vessel respond to a stimulus

Answer 5

vessel will:
dilates
becomes more permeable
allow its endothelial cells to change so that they can interact with leukocytes

Question 6

how does a leukocyte respond to a stimulus

Answer 6

leukocytes will migrate to the site of injury to ingest and destroy any unwanted materials

Question 7

explain the recognition step of the inflammatory reaction

Answer 7

sentinel cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells) have receptors that recognize micobial products and substances from damaged cells
once these receptors are triggered, the cells produce mediators of inflammation (amines and cytokines)

Question 8

explain the recruitment step of the inflammatory reaction

Answer 8

leukocytes and plasma proteins are delivered to damaged tissues

Question 9

explain the removal step of the inflammatory reaction

Answer 9

phagocytic cells eliminate microbes and dead tissue

Question 10

explain the regulation step of the inflammatory response

Answer 10

response needs to terminated eventually
this process is regulated

Question 11

explain the repair step of the inflammatory reaction

Answer 11

injured tissue is repaired by surviving cells
leaves a scar

Question 12

what cells are involved in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 12

neutrophils

Question 13

what cells are invovled in acute asthma

Answer 13

eosinophils and IgE antibodies

Question 14

what cells are involved in acute glomerulonephritis

Answer 14

antibodies, completmentary proteins, neutrophils, and monocytes

Question 15

what cells are invovled in acute septic shock

Answer 15

cytokines

Question 16

what cells are involved in acute atherosclerosis

Answer 16

macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 17

what cells are involved in acute pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 17

macrophages and fibroblasts

Question 18

what is systemic inflammation

Answer 18

inflammation of an entire system
ex. sepsis

Question 19

what are some systemic effects of inflammation

Answer 19

fever
leukocytosis (excess leukocytes)
acute phase proteins

Question 20

what type of protein is produced during a systemic inflammatory response (give examples)

Answer 20

acute phase plasma proteins:
C-reactive protein (CRP)
fibrinogen
serum amyloid A protein

Question 21

what are the four cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 21

pain
heat
readness
swelling

Question 22

what is a blood vessel’s role in acute inflammation

Answer 22

blood vessel dilates to increase blood flow
they also become more permeable to allow plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave circulation and get to the injury site

Question 23

is there any permanent damage with acute inflammation

Answer 23

no, maybe just a bit of scarring

Question 24

what causes chronic inflammation

Answer 24

difficult to eliminate agents
hypersensitivity diseases
prolonged exposure to toxic agents

Question 25

which cells are involved in chronic inflammation

Answer 25

monocytes/macrophages lymphocytes (B & T cells) eosinophils mast cells neutrophils

Question 26

does chronic inflammation lead to permanent damage

Answer 26

yes, lots of tissue destruction and fibrosis (scarring)

Question 27

what is the main cell type in acute inflammation

Answer 27

neutrophils

Question 28

what two things control the journey of leukocytes to site of inflammation

Answer 28

adhesion molecules (cell surface proteins) and chemokines (proteins that act as receptors)

Question 29

explain the first step of leukocyte recruitment

Answer 29

in lumen, leukocytes studded with ICAM-1 integrins marginate, roll, and stick to selectins L, P, and E that are imbedded in the activated endothelium

Question 30

explain the second step in leukocyte recruitment

Answer 30

leukocytes migrate across the endothelium and vessel wall (transmigration or diapedesis) PECAM-1 adhesion molecules help this migration occur

Question 31

explain the third step in leukocyte recruitment

Answer 31

leukocytes move in the tissues towards a chemotactic stimulus from IL-8 cytokines, C5a/C3a, or leukotrienes (B4)

Question 32

what are the two types of phagocytes

Answer 32

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 33

explain the 3 steps of phagocytosis

Answer 33

leukocyte recognizes and attaches to the particle leukocyte engulfs particle to form a phagocytic vacuole leukocyte kills and degrades particle

Question 34

what are the two ways in which a microbe is destroyed intracellularly when O2 is available

Answer 34

reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species

Question 35

what two ways can a microbe be destroyed intracellularly when O2 is not available

Answer 35

lysosomal enzymes and lysosomal proteins

Question 36

name 3 types of lysosomal enzymes

Answer 36

lysozyme histaminase alkaline phosphatase

Question 37

name 4 types of lysosomal proteins

Answer 37

MPO, bactericidal proteins, acid hydrolases, and neutral proteases

Question 38

explain how microbes are destroyed extracellularly

Answer 38

neutrophil extracellular traps cells use their chromatin and other granular proteins to form a trap for microbes cells die in the process because of using their chromatin prevents spread of disease

Question 39

which anti-inflammatory mediators terminate the acute inflammatory response

Answer 39

lipoxins and cytokines

Question 40

what are two types of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 40

TGF-B and IL-10

Question 41

histamine is made by which cells

Answer 41

mast cells, basophils, and platelets

Question 42

prostaglandins are made by which cells

Answer 42

mast cells, leukocytes

Question 43

leukotrienes are made by which cells

Answer 43

mast cells, leukocytes

Question 44

Cytokines like TNF, IL-1, and 1L-6 are made by which cells

Answer 44

macrophages, endothelial cells, and mast cells

Question 45

chemokines are made by which cells

Answer 45

leukocytes and activated macrophages

Question 46

platelet-activating factor is made by which cells

Answer 46

leukocytes and mast cells

Question 47

complementary proteins are made by which cells

Answer 47

plasma in liver

Question 48

kinins are made by which cells

Answer 48

plasma in the liver

Question 49

how is arachidonic acid made

Answer 49

something such as a steroid stimulates the plasma membrane to release arachidonic acid it does so with the help of phosphatases

Question 50

what are the two classes of enzymes metabolized by arachidonic acid

Answer 50

cyclooxygenase and 5-loipoxygenase

Question 51

what are the 4 main products of cyclooxygenase

Answer 51

prostacyclin (PGI2) thromboxane A2 (TXA2) PGD2 PGE2

Question 52

what are the products of 5-lipoxygenase

Answer 52

leukotrienes, lipoxins, and chemotaxis

Question 53

what is the product of 12-lipoxygenase

Answer 53

lipoxin

Question 54

what is the complement system

Answer 54

collection of plasma proteins that circulate in the blood (inactive unless triggered) proteins are numbered C1-C9 2 letters means they're active

Question 55

what does C3 split into

Answer 55

C3b + C3a

Question 56

what is C3a

Answer 56

anaphylatoxin

Question 57

what does C5 split into

Answer 57

C5b and C5a

Question 58

what is C5a

Answer 58

leukocyte chemotaxis

Question 58

what is the alternative pathway of the compliment system

Answer 58

pathway is triggered by microbial surface molecules causes cleavage of C3

Question 59

what is the classical pathway of the compliment system

Answer 59

IgM or IgG antibody binds to antigen on a microbe causes activation of C1 which eventually leads to C3 cleavage

Question 60

what is the lectin pathway of the compliment system

Answer 60

mannose binding lectin binds to carbs on microbes causes cleavage of C3

Question 61

explain the kinin system

Answer 61

prekallikrein to kallikrein to kininogen to bradykinin bradykinin causes pain, vasodilation, and increased permeability

Question 62

what's an example of a exogenous toxin

Answer 62

silica, carbon

Question 63

what's an example of an endogenous toxin that leads to chronic inflammation

Answer 63

cholesterol leads to atherosclerosis

Question 64

what is the differentiation of macrophages post natal

Answer 64

bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell blood monocyte activated macrophage

Question 65

what is the differentiation of macrophages prenatal

Answer 65

start with a progenitor cell in either the yolk sac or fetal liver cells go right to specified organ and are organ specific macrophages ex. kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, and microglia

Question 66

what causes a classically activated macrophage (M1)

Answer 66

microbial products like TLR ligands and IFN-y

Question 67

what do classically activated macrophages (M1) lead to

Answer 67

killing of phagocytes and inflammation

Question 68

what causes an alternatively activated macrophage (M2)

Answer 68

cytokines like IL-13 and IL-4

Question 69

what do alternatively activated macrophages (M2) lead to

Answer 69

tissue repair, fibrosis, and anti-inflammatory effects