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Disease Mechanisms > Ch 3: Inflammation & Repair > Flashcards

Ch 3: Inflammation & Repair Flashcards

1
Q

define inflammation

A

a response of vascularized tissues that delivers leukocytes and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites of infection and cell damage to eliminate the ofensing agents

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2
Q

what are three mediators of inflammation that are found in the blood or tissue

A

phagocytic leukocytes, antibodies, and complement proteins

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3
Q

define the suffix -itis

A

inflammation

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4
Q

what are the two principal components of the inflammatory response

A

blood vessles (vascular) and leukocytes (cellular)

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5
Q

how does a blood vessel respond to a stimulus

A

vessel will:
dilates
becomes more permeable
allow its endothelial cells to change so that they can interact with leukocytes

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6
Q

how does a leukocyte respond to a stimulus

A

leukocytes will migrate to the site of injury to ingest and destroy any unwanted materials

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7
Q

explain the recognition step of the inflammatory reaction

A

sentinel cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells) have receptors that recognize micobial products and substances from damaged cells
once these receptors are triggered, the cells produce mediators of inflammation (amines and cytokines)

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8
Q

explain the recruitment step of the inflammatory reaction

A

leukocytes and plasma proteins are delivered to damaged tissues

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9
Q

explain the removal step of the inflammatory reaction

A

phagocytic cells eliminate microbes and dead tissue

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10
Q

explain the regulation step of the inflammatory response

A

response needs to terminated eventually
this process is regulated

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11
Q

explain the repair step of the inflammatory reaction

A

injured tissue is repaired by surviving cells
leaves a scar

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12
Q

what cells are involved in acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

neutrophils

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13
Q

what cells are invovled in acute asthma

A

eosinophils and IgE antibodies

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14
Q

what cells are involved in acute glomerulonephritis

A

antibodies, completmentary proteins, neutrophils, and monocytes

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15
Q

what cells are invovled in acute septic shock

A

cytokines

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16
Q

what cells are involved in acute atherosclerosis

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

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17
Q

what cells are involved in acute pulmonary fibrosis

A

macrophages and fibroblasts

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18
Q

what is systemic inflammation

A

inflammation of an entire system
ex. sepsis

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19
Q

what are some systemic effects of inflammation

A

fever
leukocytosis (excess leukocytes)
acute phase proteins

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20
Q

what type of protein is produced during a systemic inflammatory response (give examples)

A

acute phase plasma proteins:
C-reactive protein (CRP)
fibrinogen
serum amyloid A protein

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21
Q

what are the four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

pain
heat
readness
swelling

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22
Q

what is a blood vessel’s role in acute inflammation

A

blood vessel dilates to increase blood flow
they also become more permeable to allow plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave circulation and get to the injury site

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23
Q

is there any permanent damage with acute inflammation

A

no, maybe just a bit of scarring

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24
Q

what causes chronic inflammation

A

difficult to eliminate agents
hypersensitivity diseases
prolonged exposure to toxic agents

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25
Q

which cells are involved in chronic inflammation

A

monocytes/macrophages
lymphocytes (B & T cells)
eosinophils
mast cells
neutrophils

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26
Q

does chronic inflammation lead to permanent damage

A

yes, lots of tissue destruction and fibrosis (scarring)

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27
Q

what is the main cell type in acute inflammation

A

neutrophils

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28
Q

what two things control the journey of leukocytes to site of inflammation

A

adhesion molecules (cell surface proteins) and chemokines (proteins that act as receptors)

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29
Q

explain the first step of leukocyte recruitment

A

in lumen, leukocytes studded with ICAM-1 integrins marginate, roll, and stick to selectins L, P, and E that are imbedded in the activated endothelium

30
Q

explain the second step in leukocyte recruitment

A

leukocytes migrate across the endothelium and vessel wall (transmigration or diapedesis)
PECAM-1 adhesion molecules help this migration occur

31
Q

explain the third step in leukocyte recruitment

A

leukocytes move in the tissues towards a chemotactic stimulus from IL-8 cytokines, C5a/C3a, or leukotrienes (B4)

32
Q

what are the two types of phagocytes

A

neutrophils and macrophages

33
Q

explain the 3 steps of phagocytosis

A

leukocyte recognizes and attaches to the particle
leukocyte engulfs particle to form a phagocytic vacuole
leukocyte kills and degrades particle

34
Q

what are the two ways in which a microbe is destroyed intracellularly when O2 is available

A

reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species

35
Q

what two ways can a microbe be destroyed intracellularly when O2 is not available

A

lysosomal enzymes and lysosomal proteins

36
Q

name 3 types of lysosomal enzymes

A

lysozyme
histaminase
alkaline phosphatase

37
Q

name 4 types of lysosomal proteins

A

MPO, bactericidal proteins, acid hydrolases, and neutral proteases

38
Q

explain how microbes are destroyed extracellularly

A

neutrophil extracellular traps
cells use their chromatin and other granular proteins to form a trap for microbes
cells die in the process because of using their chromatin
prevents spread of disease

39
Q

which anti-inflammatory mediators terminate the acute inflammatory response

A

lipoxins and cytokines

40
Q

what are two types of anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

TGF-B and IL-10

41
Q

histamine is made by which cells

A

mast cells, basophils, and platelets

42
Q

prostaglandins are made by which cells

A

mast cells, leukocytes

43
Q

leukotrienes are made by which cells

A

mast cells, leukocytes

44
Q

Cytokines like TNF, IL-1, and 1L-6 are made by which cells

A

macrophages, endothelial cells, and mast cells

45
Q

chemokines are made by which cells

A

leukocytes and activated macrophages

46
Q

platelet-activating factor is made by which cells

A

leukocytes and mast cells

47
Q

complementary proteins are made by which cells

A

plasma in liver

48
Q

kinins are made by which cells

A

plasma in the liver

49
Q

how is arachidonic acid made

A

something such as a steroid stimulates the plasma membrane to release arachidonic acid
it does so with the help of phosphatases

50
Q

what are the two classes of enzymes metabolized by arachidonic acid

A

cyclooxygenase and 5-loipoxygenase

51
Q

what are the 4 main products of cyclooxygenase

A

prostacyclin (PGI2)
thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
PGD2
PGE2

52
Q

what are the products of 5-lipoxygenase

A

leukotrienes, lipoxins, and chemotaxis

53
Q

what is the product of 12-lipoxygenase

A

lipoxin

54
Q

what is the complement system

A

collection of plasma proteins that circulate in the blood (inactive unless triggered)
proteins are numbered C1-C9
2 letters means they’re active

55
Q

what does C3 split into

A

C3b + C3a

56
Q

what is C3a

A

anaphylatoxin

57
Q

what does C5 split into

A

C5b and C5a

58
Q

what is C5a

A

leukocyte chemotaxis

58
Q

what is the alternative pathway of the compliment system

A

pathway is triggered by microbial surface molecules
causes cleavage of C3

59
Q

what is the classical pathway of the compliment system

A

IgM or IgG antibody binds to antigen on a microbe
causes activation of C1 which eventually leads to C3 cleavage

60
Q

what is the lectin pathway of the compliment system

A

mannose binding lectin binds to carbs on microbes
causes cleavage of C3

61
Q

explain the kinin system

A

prekallikrein to
kallikrein to
kininogen to
bradykinin
bradykinin causes pain, vasodilation, and increased permeability

62
Q

what’s an example of a exogenous toxin

A

silica, carbon

63
Q

what’s an example of an endogenous toxin that leads to chronic inflammation

A

cholesterol
leads to atherosclerosis

64
Q

what is the differentiation of macrophages post natal

A

bone marrow
hematopoietic stem cell
blood monocyte
activated macrophage

65
Q

what is the differentiation of macrophages prenatal

A

start with a progenitor cell in either the yolk sac or fetal liver
cells go right to specified organ and are organ specific macrophages
ex. kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, and microglia

66
Q

what causes a classically activated macrophage (M1)

A

microbial products like TLR ligands and IFN-y

67
Q

what do classically activated macrophages (M1) lead to

A

killing of phagocytes and inflammation

68
Q

what causes an alternatively activated macrophage (M2)

A

cytokines like IL-13 and IL-4

69
Q

what do alternatively activated macrophages (M2) lead to

A

tissue repair, fibrosis, and anti-inflammatory effects

Disease Mechanisms (19 decks)

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