Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Disease Mechanisms > Ch 1: Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease > Flashcards

Ch 1: Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two variants of stem cells

A

totipotent (embryonic) and adult (tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a totipotent (embryonic) stem cell

A

cell that has a limitless cell renewal capacity
can give rise to any type of cell in the body

*think tot as toddler, can grow into anything it wants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is an adult (tissue) stem cell

A

cells that have limited lineage potential
can only generate new cells within the same tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the two important properties of stem cells

A

self renewal
asymmetric division (one cell for self and one to differentiate and become tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the four main purposes of the plasma membrane

A

selective barrier
detects chemical signals
anchors cell to adjacent structures
fluidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which substances can cross the phospholipid bilayer

A

water and other small molecules such as CO2, N2, and O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which substances cannot cross the phospholipid bilayer

A

ions
glucose (needs help of carrier protein)
urea (needs help of carrier protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is passive diffusion

A

ions passively move down their concentration gradient into or out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the two types of fluid-phase uptake

A

phagocytosis and transcytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

explain Cholera

A

vibrio cholerae is ingested and replicates in the GI tract
toxin is released and enters intestinal cell
toxin stimulates adenylyl cyclase pathway
cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR) opens
chloride ions enter the lumen and water follows
extreme diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the three components of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol
cytoskeleton
organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the four functions of the cytoskeleton

A

maintain and change cell shape
produce cell movements
organize intracellular organelles
maintain polarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the protein subunits of actin filaments

A

G-actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the protein subunits of microtubules

A

tubulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are microfilaments (actin filaments)

A

most abundant protein in cells
support and maintain shape of cells
help cells move
ex. thin filaments in skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are intermediate filaments

A

made of different proteins that contribute to cell shape and help anchor the nucleus
ex. epithelial cells link to desmosomes
individual filament proteins expressed differently in different cells which can help in identifying tumor origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are microtubules

A

have polarized ends
participate in intracellular transport mechanisms through motor proteins
form centrioles
make up cilia and flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which motor protein goes - to +

A

kinesin

*think Krystina is negative and goes to positive on meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which motor protein goes + to -

A

dyneins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do centrioles do

A

aid in separation and movement of chromosomes during cellular division

21
Q

defects in which portion of the cytoskeleton causes neurodegenerative disorders

A

microtubules
causes Alzheimer’s, Parkinsons, and Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis

22
Q

defects in which portion of the cytoskeleton causes giant axonal neuropathy

A

microfilaments

23
Q

defects in which portion of the cytoskeleton causes keratinopathies

A

intermediate filaments

24
Q

what are keratinopathies

A

disorders of keratin genes caused by defects in intermediate filaments
causes issues with the hair and skin

25
Q

what is white sponge nevus

A

dominant condition caused by a mutation in Keratin 4 or 13 genes
causes irregular intermediate filaments
causes white patches of tissue in the mouth
can lead to bacterial infections

26
Q

what are some membrane-bound organelles

A

nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes, ER, Golgi, and lysosomes

27
Q

what are some non membrane-bound organelles

A

ribosomes and cytoskeleton

28
Q

which portion of the nucleus makes the most RNA and ribosomes

A

nucleolus

29
Q

where does the krebs cycle occur within the mitochondria

A

inner membrane

30
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur within the mitochondria

A

on cristae

31
Q

which organelle is a major regulator of apoptosis and large generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

mitochondria

32
Q

what is Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

A

a point mutation (addition, deletion, or change of a single base pair within a genome) within the DNA of the mitochondria
causes visual failure in young adults

33
Q

what is Kearns-Sayre syndrome

A

deletion of a segment of the mitochondrial DNA
affects multiple different systems

34
Q

what is the main purpose of the rough ER

A

protein synthesis

35
Q

which cells will have more rough ER

A

those that make more proteins
ex. myocytes

36
Q

what is the mechanism of cystic fibrosis

A

mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)
mutation causes misfolding of the CFTR which is a chloride ion channel
protein gets sent out by the rough ER to be destroyed
leads to deficient chloride ion transport in lungs

37
Q

what are the four main purposes of smooth ER

A

lipid and steroid synthesis
stores calcium
glycogen and lipid metabolism
detoxification using cytochrome P-450 enzyme

38
Q

what does the Golgi apparatus do

A

processes, packages, secretes, and distributes macromolecules such as proteins and lipids into and out of the cell
secretes by exocytosis and sent to lysosomes to be destroyed

39
Q

what is achondrogenesis type 1A

A

recessive disorder where the microtubules of the Golgi apparatus are disturbed
nonsense mutation (early termination) of Trip11 gene which causes loss of GMAP-210 protein
affects cartilage and skeleton
leads to neonatal death

40
Q

what do lysosomes do

A

vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes to engulf, digest, and release substances into cytoplasm for reuse
involved in apoptosis and immune system via phagolysosome

41
Q

what is Pompe disease

A

recessive disease where there is a defect in the alpha glucosidase
leads to excessive glycogen storage

42
Q

what is Tay-Sachs Disease

A

recessive disease where there is a defect in the enzyme beta-hexosaminidase A (HEXA gene)
causes accumulation of GM2 gangliosides in the CNS

43
Q

what do proteasomes do

A

recognized and degrade misfolded proteins by ubiquitin-proteasome system

44
Q

what do peroxisomes do

A

contain oxidative enzymes which neutralize free radicals

45
Q

what is Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-linked)

A

defect in a peroxisome membrane transporter which leads to an accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in brain and adrenal cortex

46
Q

what are some functions of the extracellular matrix

A

mechanical support
regulator of cell proliferation
bm or stromal scaffolding for tissue removal
foundation for establishment of tissue microenvironments

47
Q

what are the three things that make up the extracellular matrix

A

fibrous structural proteins
water-hydrated gels
adhesive glycoproteins

48
Q

what are fibrous structural proteins

A

made of collagen and elastins for tensile strength and recoil

49
Q

what are water-hydrated gels

A

proteoglycans and hyaluronan that allow for compressive resistance and lubrication

Disease Mechanisms (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions