Ch 22: Female Genital Tract Flashcards
what do the primordial germ cells from the wall of the yolk sac become in females
ovaries
what do the mullerian (paramesonephric ducts) become in females
fallopian tubes
uterus
cervix
upper vagina
what does the urogenital sinus become in females
lower part of the vagina
vestibule of external genitalia
what do the wolffian (mesonephric) ducts become in females
regress completely or become menonephric remnants near ovaries, tubes, and uterus
what does the mesothelium become in females
epithelial lining of female internal genital tract
ovarian surface
absence of which transcription factor leads to formation of Müllerian duct and regression of wolffian duct in females
SRY
what does the urogenital sinus become in males
penis
scrotum
prostate gland
what does the wolffian duct become in males
epididymis
vas deferens
what type of cells do the mesothelium turn into
thecal cells
what does the mesenchyme turn into
connective tissue - granulosa cells
the ovaries develop from which three sources
mesothelium
mesenchyme
primordial germ cells
when does the first polar body degenerate
between meiosis 1 and 2
when does the second polar body degenerate
after the sperm fertilizes an oocyte
explain production of female hormones
hypothalamus produces GnRH
anterior pituitary produces LH and FSH
LH stimulates thecal cells to make androgens
FSH stimulates granulosa cells to release make estrogens and inhibin
estrogen stimulates a follicle to mature and make its own estrogen
what does estrogen stimulate the anterior pituitary to do
make more FSH and LH
a surge of which hormone causes ovulation
LH
which three hormones are secreted by the corpus lutetium
progesterone
estrogen
inhibin
after 14 days of no fertilization, what happens to the corpus lutetium
it stops producing hormones and shrinks to become the corpus albicans
uterine disorders are most commonly affected by which three factors
endocrine imbalances
complications of pregnancy
neoplastic proliferation
what is the most common cause of dysfunctional uterine bleeding
hormonal disturbances
what is dysfunctional uterine bleeding
disturbance of the normal cyclical process, usually due to anovulation (no release of egg)
what causes abnormal uterine bleeding in prepuberty women
precocious puberty (early puberty)
which two things cause abnormal uterine bleeding in adolescent women
anovulatory cycle (no release of egg)
coagulation disorders
which three things cause abnormal uterine bleeding in women of reproductive age
complications of pregnancy
anatomic lesions
anovulatory cycle (no release of egg)
which two things cause abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal women
anovulatory cycle (no release of egg)
anatomic lesions (cancer or polyps)
which two things cause abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women
endometrial atrophy
anatomic lesions (cancer or polyps)
what is an anovulatory cycle
failure to release an egg which leads to excessive endometrial stimulation by estrogens unopposed by progesterone
what causes anovulatory cycles
hormonal imbalances
who is most susceptible to anovulatory cycles
women first starting their period (menarche) and perimenopausal women
what are the two major effects of an anovulatory cycle
architectural changes
endometrial hyperplasia
what is endometrial hyperplasia
increase in number of glands relative to the stroma
what is the most common cause of endometrial hyperplasia
unopposed estrogen stimulation which leads to abnormal vaginal bleeding