Ch. 3 Health Behaviours Flashcards
Health promotion
the idea that good health or wellness is a personal and collective achievement.
disease prevention
views health as simply the absence of disease. negative view of health to scare people
health behaviours
are behaviours used to enhance and maintain health
health habit
is a behaviour that is firmly established and usually performed without awareness
primary prevention
taking measures to combat risk factors for illness before it has a chance to develop
patterns of disease
fewer people die of acute infectious diseases, at he same time “preventable” disorders (cancer, substance abuse) have increased
heart disease
high blood pressure, diabetes, overweight etc
cancer
smoking, unhealthy diet etc
stroke
high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption etc
accidental injuries
not bucking up etc
chronic lung cancer
smoking, environmental factors etc
successful modification of health behaviours can
reduce deaths due to lifestyle related illnesses
delay time of death, increasing longevity
expand years of life free from chronic disease complications
decrease health expenditures required
influences in the practice of health behaviours
socioeconomic factors, age, gender, values, personal control, social influence, personal goals, percieved symptoms, access to healthcare, place, supportive environments, cognitive factors
barriers to modifying poor health behaviours
not knowing when to change health habits, instability of health habits, different health habits are controlled by different factors and may change over the history of the behaviour
psychosocial vulnerability
heightened risk for engagement in smoking alcohol consumption etc.
intervening with children and adolescents
socialization is important, teachable moments, and need to attend the window of vulnerability.
Adolescents health behaviours influence adult health
inventions with at risk people
vulnerable are people who are at risk for a particular health problem (especially kids because accident prone)
benefits of focusing on risk people
may prevent or eliminate poor health habits, an efficient and effective use of health promotion dollars, makes it easier to identify other risk factors
problems with focusing on at risk people
people do not always perceive their risks correctly, testing positive for a risk factor can lead to people into needlessly hyperviligant and restrictive behaviour and people may become defensive and minimize the significance of their risk factor and avoid changing their behaviour
ethical issues when focusing on at risk people
when it is appropriate to alarm at risk people? sometimes there is no successful intervention and emphasizing risks can raise complicated issues of family dynamics
health promotion with older adults
healthy older adult population is essential for increasing the quality of life of the growing group of citizens, need to exercise, control alcohol consumption and take vaccines
attitude change and health behaviour
important for the individual who is receiving the message but also how it is being delivered
fear appeals
hurting health, will change habits to reduce fear. If too much they will backfire and trigger avoidance
prospect theory
loss framed works best with high risk; gain framed works best with low risk
social cognition models
suggest people are motivated to change behaviours based on their beliefs about that behaviour
expectancy value theory
suggests that people will engage in behaviours they value and expect to succeed in
self-efficacy
the belief in the ability to control one’s practice of behaviours
Health belief model
whether a person practices a health behaviour depends on perceived health threat, percieved threat reduction and cues to action and self-efficacy.
It predicts some of the circumstances under which people’s health behaviours will change
Protection motivation theory
developed to understand the cognitive processes underlying the persuasiveness of fear appeals and specifically how perceptions of threat might motivation health behaviours to protect oneself from that threat, threat appraisal and coping appraisal. Predicts people’s response to health threats that pose an immediate risk
the theory of planned behaviour
suggests that a health behaviour is the direct result of a behavioural intention, attitudes towards the specific action, subjective norms regarding the action and perceived behavioural control. Long term behaviour response
benefits of theory planned behaviour
links belief directly to behaviour and provides a find grained picture of people’s intentions
implementation intentions
having good intentions is often not enough to ensure changes.
some caveats
attitudinal approaches not very successful for explaining spontaneous or long term behavioural change, communications can provoke irrational, defence reactions, some people hold irrational belief about health
the transtheoretical model of behavioural change
acknowledges that changing a bad health habit may not take place all at once by addressing the process or stage of behaviour change
pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintence. people can have different approaches to different stages
importance of the stages of change model
captures the processes that people actually go though, that change may not occur the first try, why people are not successful in changing their behaviour and that there is mixed success
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
approaches to health habit modification change the focus to the target behaviour itself. conditions that elicit and maintain it as well as reinforce it
observation and self monitoring
CBT uses this as the first steps in behaviour change. must understand the dimensions of the target behaviour before change can be initiated. Some people may be resistant to tracking their behaviour
classical conditioning
unconditioned reflect paired with a new stimulus creating a conditioned reflex
operant conditioning
a voluntary behaviour with consequences. used to modify health behaviours
modelling
important in long term behaviour change and is a component in some self help programs
discrimitive stimuli
elicting the target behaviour
stimulus control
successful behaviour modification requires an understanding of the antecedents and consequences of the target behaviour. Has two approaches, rid the environment of the stimuli (stop seeing specific people) and creating new discriminative stimuli signaling behaviour change will be reindorced
self-control
have to use behavioural techniques to control a specific behaviour
self reinforcement
involves rewarding self for desired behaviour
contingency contracting
making a contract with another person regarding what rewards or punishments will occur for particular behaviours
covert self control
teaches individuals to recognize and modify their internal monologues to support behaviour change
cognitive restructuring
modifying internal monologues that has been widely used in the treatment of stress disorders
motivational interviewing
battle for health promotion, individual opens up and psychologist is there to motivate them
relaxation training
progressive muscle relaxation, breathing techniques
broad spectrum cognitive behaviour therapy
combining multiple behaviour change techniques is the most effective approach to health habit modification
relapse
urges or cravings, depression, lack of social support, abstinence violation effect
abstinence violation effect
when people have a relapse and feel like they violated that abstinence and that they have failed
paradoxical effect
earlier attempts may prepare one for later success
