Ch. 2 The systems of the body Flashcards
1
Q
The nervous system
A
complex network of interconnected nerve fibers that functions to regulate many important bodily functions, including the response to and recovery from stress
2
Q
Nervous system made up of
A
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
3
Q
sympathetic nervous system
A
plays an important role in response to stress. Flight or flight
4
Q
parasympathetic nervous system
A
controls the activities of organs during non stressful circumstances. restores equilibrium
5
Q
Hindbrain
A
Medulla, pons, cerebellum
6
Q
Medulla
A
receives sensory information from heart
7
Q
Pons
A
links hindbrain and midbrain, important for breathing
8
Q
Cerebellum
A
coordinates voluntary muscle movement
9
Q
Midbrain
A
major pathway for sensory and motor impulses moving between forebrain and hindbrain
10
Q
Diencephalon
A
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
11
Q
Telecephalon
A
Two hemispheres of cerebral cortex
12
Q
Thalamus
A
recognition and relay of sensory stimuli
13
Q
hypothalamus
A
biological drives
14
Q
Left hemisphere
A
language, analytical
15
Q
right hemisphere
A
creative, big picture, music
16
Q
Frontal lobe
A
critical thinking, higher cognitive functioning, personality, production of language, motor cortex
17
Q
cerebral cortex
A
largest portion of the brain involved in memory, personality and intelligence
18
Q
temporal lobe
A
auditory functions, emotion, vestibular system, memory, language comprehension
19
Q
parietal lobe
A
sensory cortex, spatial awareness, attention
20
Q
occipital lobe
A
vision
21
Q
Limbic system
A
amygdala, hypocampus, cingulate gyrus, septum
22
Q
amygdala
A
detection of threat and fear, emotion
23
Q
hippocampus
A
emotional memories
24
Q
cingulate gyrus
A
big role in processing pain (chronic pain)s
25
septum
emotional functioning
26
neurotransmitters
chemicals that regulate nervous system functioning (firing and conformational changes of neurons - placitisty)
27
synaptic transmission
presynaptic neuron, once activated, releases neurotranmitter into synaptic cleft. Postsynaptic neuron has receptors for specific neurotranmsitters to activate the neuron
28
Catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine that promotes sympathetic NS activity release during stressful times
29
epilepsy
disorder from recurrent seizures (uncontrollable electric activity)
30
parkinson's disease
progressive neurodegeneration that affects motor and cognitive functioning
31
multiple sclerosis
transmission of impulses, slows down neuron impulse, leads to weakness or paralysis
32
cerebral palsy
weakness or paralysis of parts of the body from hypotix injury from lack of oxygen when born and brain becomes damaged
33
alzheimer's disease
common causes of dementia, overtime will kill
34
huntington's disease
caused by genetic mutation or disorder that happens because of dominant gene, kill overtime
35
spinal cord injurities
inhibits spinal cord sending commands
36
paraplegia
paralysis of legs
37
quadriplegic
paralysis of four limbs, higher spinal cord injury
38
how does the endocrine system operate
complements the nervous system in controlling bodily activities. In charge of sending comands to glands and releasing hormones
39
hormones:
travel through bloodstream and are slower acting, long lasting impact on behaviour
40
neurotransmitters
immediately and actions are regulated
41
adrenal glands
small glands at the top of each kidney. Each gland is composed of adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex. Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
42
Disorders of the endocrine system
pancreas and diabetes
43
pancreas
makes insulin
44
diabetes
body cannot manufacture or properly use insulin. Type 1 and Type 2
45
Type 1 diabetes
insulin dependent diabetes (early in life; genetics)
46
type 2 diabetes
insufficient insulin or sensitivity (happens overtime from diet or lack of exercise)
47
what is the cardiovascular system
comprised of heart, blood vessels and blood and is the transport system of the body
48
cardiovascular system process
arteries carry blood from the heart after the oxygen and nutrients have been absorbed
49
the heart
a pump, left side takes in blood with oxygen from the lungs and then oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for wast material
50
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Atherosclerosis
51
Atherosclerosis
caused by deposits of cholesterol and other substances on the arterial walls that form plaques and narrow the arteries. MAkes arteries harden up and blood vessels less flexible. A life style disease
52
angina pectoris
chest pain
53
myocardial infarction
heart attack
54
blood pressure
pressure on arterial walls is high when heart contracts and pushes blood out. Most pressure is on anterior walls, can affect arteries
55
diastolic
pressure lower when heart rests
56
blood
adult body contains 5 litres of bloodp
57
plasma
fluid portion of blood and makes up about 55% of the volume (ions, sodium, chloride)
58
red and white blood cells
remaining 45% of blood
59
red blood cells
carry oxygen and nutrients
60
white blood cells
used in immune functions
61
placelets
clotting blood and forming scabsl
62
blood cells are manufactured
in bone marrow
63
Disorders related to white cell production
leukemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis
64
leukeima
disease of bone marrow - common form of cancer
65
leukopenia
deficency of white blood cells
66
leukocytosis
excessive white blood cells (overproduction, dysfunction)
67
disorders related to red cell production
anmeia, sickle cell anemia
68
anemia
insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin impair transport of oxygen to cells
69
sickle-cell anemia
genetically transmitted, inability to produce sufficient red blood cells and is found primarily in african, middle eastern, caribbean and south and central americans. Cannot cary oxygen
70
disorders related to clotting
platelets
71
platelets serious consequences
fetal if happens in the lungs, deep vein thrombosis, emolism and hemophillia
72
hemophilia
lack of platelets where individuals can bleed to death from injury
73
embolism
when clot detaches and moves somewhere else
74
deep vein thrombosis
happens in the calf if on birth control pills, increases patelet count (treated with blood thinners)
75
Immune system
Detects anything foreign to the body and attacks it, surveillance system.
76
four means of infections
direct transmission, indirect transmission, biological transmission, mechanical transmission
77
direct transmission
direct contact with what is going to affect us (kissing someone with cold sore)
78
indirect transmission
anything that is not direct (eg. licking a toilet seat that has been exposed to a virus)
79
biological transmission
parasite in mosquito, which bites you and makes you infected
80
mechanical transmission
flies going on many things then land on you, transfered from what they stepped on before
81
course of infection
incubation period, period of nonspecified symptoms (feeling awful), acute phase (disease at its height),
82
immunity
bodies resistance to injury from invading organisms , develops naturally (exposure) or artifically through vaccines. occurs through either nonspecific immune mechanisms or specific immune mechanisms
83
nonspecific immune mechanisms
fights any infection
84
specific immune mechanisms
fights particular microorganisms such as vaccines
85
phagocytosis
when certain white blood cells ingest microbes
86
humoral immunity
mediated by B lymphocytes, best against bacteria and viral infection. Lives outside the cells and tend to have more of a memory and releases antibodies
87
cell mediated immunity
involving t lympocytes. Best against fungi, parasites, foregin tissue and cancer. Attacks cells that are infected
88
Immune system barriers
physical barriers (skin, mucous, saliva, stomach acid etc), bloodborne barriers (phagocytes and complement cascade)
89
phagocytes
engulf foreign agents
90
complement cascade
help kill bacteria in general, histamine (identifying something bad and then having a reaction eg. tears)
91
Lymphatic systems role in immunity
drainage system of the body, drains into lympth vessels from between cells. Spleen, tonsils and thymus
92
spleen
production of B and T cells, removes old red blood cells
93
tonsils
filter microorganisms that get into respiratory tract
94
thymus
helps T cells mature, produces hormone important for antibodies
95
gut microbiome
intricate ecosystem of microorganisms that live within one's gastrointestinal tract . Important to keeping us healthy
96
Influences gut microbiome
diet, pharmaceuticals, geography, lifecycle stages, birthing process, infant feeding method and stress
97
disorders related to the immune system
AIDS (deficiency syndrome), Cancer and infectious disorders
98
splenomegaly
infection of spleen, impacts production of T and B cells
99
tonsillitis
inflammation impedes filter function
100
monoucleosis
enlargement in lymph systeml
101
Lymphoma
tumor in lymphatic system (increases chances of spreading)
102
Autoimmunity
own immune system starts to attack our body
103
Two physiological systems involved in the stress response
symphathetic-adrenome dullary system and the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical axis
104
The sympathetic adrenome dullary system
events perceived to be stressful create sympathetic nervous system arousal. Triggres adrenal glands to release catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
105
tunnel vision
shutting down everything that could be a distraction
106
hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical activation
pituitary glands release hormone ACTH triggering adrenal release of glucorticoids, especially cortisol. recurring activation compromises functioning, creating allostatic load
107
allostatic load
physiological response mediated by perceived stress, individual differences and behavioural responses. as we increase, we are not in a state of homeostasis, we are in state of maintence, as body adapts to stressors, it starts to believe that we have a new homeostasis
