Ch. 2 The systems of the body Flashcards
The nervous system
complex network of interconnected nerve fibers that functions to regulate many important bodily functions, including the response to and recovery from stress
Nervous system made up of
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
plays an important role in response to stress. Flight or flight
parasympathetic nervous system
controls the activities of organs during non stressful circumstances. restores equilibrium
Hindbrain
Medulla, pons, cerebellum
Medulla
receives sensory information from heart
Pons
links hindbrain and midbrain, important for breathing
Cerebellum
coordinates voluntary muscle movement
Midbrain
major pathway for sensory and motor impulses moving between forebrain and hindbrain
Diencephalon
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Telecephalon
Two hemispheres of cerebral cortex
Thalamus
recognition and relay of sensory stimuli
hypothalamus
biological drives
Left hemisphere
language, analytical
right hemisphere
creative, big picture, music
Frontal lobe
critical thinking, higher cognitive functioning, personality, production of language, motor cortex
cerebral cortex
largest portion of the brain involved in memory, personality and intelligence
temporal lobe
auditory functions, emotion, vestibular system, memory, language comprehension
parietal lobe
sensory cortex, spatial awareness, attention
occipital lobe
vision
Limbic system
amygdala, hypocampus, cingulate gyrus, septum
amygdala
detection of threat and fear, emotion
hippocampus
emotional memories
cingulate gyrus
big role in processing pain (chronic pain)s
septum
emotional functioning
neurotransmitters
chemicals that regulate nervous system functioning (firing and conformational changes of neurons - placitisty)
synaptic transmission
presynaptic neuron, once activated, releases neurotranmitter into synaptic cleft. Postsynaptic neuron has receptors for specific neurotranmsitters to activate the neuron
Catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine that promotes sympathetic NS activity release during stressful times
epilepsy
disorder from recurrent seizures (uncontrollable electric activity)
parkinson’s disease
progressive neurodegeneration that affects motor and cognitive functioning
multiple sclerosis
transmission of impulses, slows down neuron impulse, leads to weakness or paralysis
cerebral palsy
weakness or paralysis of parts of the body from hypotix injury from lack of oxygen when born and brain becomes damaged
alzheimer’s disease
common causes of dementia, overtime will kill
huntington’s disease
caused by genetic mutation or disorder that happens because of dominant gene, kill overtime
spinal cord injurities
inhibits spinal cord sending commands
paraplegia
paralysis of legs
quadriplegic
paralysis of four limbs, higher spinal cord injury
how does the endocrine system operate
complements the nervous system in controlling bodily activities. In charge of sending comands to glands and releasing hormones
hormones:
travel through bloodstream and are slower acting, long lasting impact on behaviour
neurotransmitters
immediately and actions are regulated
adrenal glands
small glands at the top of each kidney. Each gland is composed of adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex. Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
Disorders of the endocrine system
pancreas and diabetes
pancreas
makes insulin
diabetes
body cannot manufacture or properly use insulin. Type 1 and Type 2
Type 1 diabetes
insulin dependent diabetes (early in life; genetics)
type 2 diabetes
insufficient insulin or sensitivity (happens overtime from diet or lack of exercise)
what is the cardiovascular system
comprised of heart, blood vessels and blood and is the transport system of the body
cardiovascular system process
arteries carry blood from the heart after the oxygen and nutrients have been absorbed
the heart
a pump, left side takes in blood with oxygen from the lungs and then oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for wast material
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
caused by deposits of cholesterol and other substances on the arterial walls that form plaques and narrow the arteries. MAkes arteries harden up and blood vessels less flexible. A life style disease
angina pectoris
chest pain
myocardial infarction
heart attack
blood pressure
pressure on arterial walls is high when heart contracts and pushes blood out. Most pressure is on anterior walls, can affect arteries
diastolic
pressure lower when heart rests
blood
adult body contains 5 litres of bloodp
plasma
fluid portion of blood and makes up about 55% of the volume (ions, sodium, chloride)
red and white blood cells
remaining 45% of blood
red blood cells
carry oxygen and nutrients
white blood cells
used in immune functions
placelets
clotting blood and forming scabsl
blood cells are manufactured
in bone marrow
Disorders related to white cell production
leukemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis
leukeima
disease of bone marrow - common form of cancer
leukopenia
deficency of white blood cells
leukocytosis
excessive white blood cells (overproduction, dysfunction)
disorders related to red cell production
anmeia, sickle cell anemia
anemia
insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin impair transport of oxygen to cells
sickle-cell anemia
genetically transmitted, inability to produce sufficient red blood cells and is found primarily in african, middle eastern, caribbean and south and central americans. Cannot cary oxygen
disorders related to clotting
platelets
platelets serious consequences
fetal if happens in the lungs, deep vein thrombosis, emolism and hemophillia
hemophilia
lack of platelets where individuals can bleed to death from injury
embolism
when clot detaches and moves somewhere else
deep vein thrombosis
happens in the calf if on birth control pills, increases patelet count (treated with blood thinners)
Immune system
Detects anything foreign to the body and attacks it, surveillance system.
four means of infections
direct transmission, indirect transmission, biological transmission, mechanical transmission
direct transmission
direct contact with what is going to affect us (kissing someone with cold sore)
indirect transmission
anything that is not direct (eg. licking a toilet seat that has been exposed to a virus)
biological transmission
parasite in mosquito, which bites you and makes you infected
mechanical transmission
flies going on many things then land on you, transfered from what they stepped on before
course of infection
incubation period, period of nonspecified symptoms (feeling awful), acute phase (disease at its height),
immunity
bodies resistance to injury from invading organisms , develops naturally (exposure) or artifically through vaccines. occurs through either nonspecific immune mechanisms or specific immune mechanisms
nonspecific immune mechanisms
fights any infection
specific immune mechanisms
fights particular microorganisms such as vaccines
phagocytosis
when certain white blood cells ingest microbes
humoral immunity
mediated by B lymphocytes, best against bacteria and viral infection. Lives outside the cells and tend to have more of a memory and releases antibodies
cell mediated immunity
involving t lympocytes. Best against fungi, parasites, foregin tissue and cancer. Attacks cells that are infected
Immune system barriers
physical barriers (skin, mucous, saliva, stomach acid etc), bloodborne barriers (phagocytes and complement cascade)
phagocytes
engulf foreign agents
complement cascade
help kill bacteria in general, histamine (identifying something bad and then having a reaction eg. tears)
Lymphatic systems role in immunity
drainage system of the body, drains into lympth vessels from between cells. Spleen, tonsils and thymus
spleen
production of B and T cells, removes old red blood cells
tonsils
filter microorganisms that get into respiratory tract
thymus
helps T cells mature, produces hormone important for antibodies
gut microbiome
intricate ecosystem of microorganisms that live within one’s gastrointestinal tract . Important to keeping us healthy
Influences gut microbiome
diet, pharmaceuticals, geography, lifecycle stages, birthing process, infant feeding method and stress
disorders related to the immune system
AIDS (deficiency syndrome), Cancer and infectious disorders
splenomegaly
infection of spleen, impacts production of T and B cells
tonsillitis
inflammation impedes filter function
monoucleosis
enlargement in lymph systeml
Lymphoma
tumor in lymphatic system (increases chances of spreading)
Autoimmunity
own immune system starts to attack our body
Two physiological systems involved in the stress response
symphathetic-adrenome dullary system and the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical axis
The sympathetic adrenome dullary system
events perceived to be stressful create sympathetic nervous system arousal. Triggres adrenal glands to release catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
tunnel vision
shutting down everything that could be a distraction
hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical activation
pituitary glands release hormone ACTH triggering adrenal release of glucorticoids, especially cortisol. recurring activation compromises functioning, creating allostatic load
allostatic load
physiological response mediated by perceived stress, individual differences and behavioural responses. as we increase, we are not in a state of homeostasis, we are in state of maintence, as body adapts to stressors, it starts to believe that we have a new homeostasis
