Ch 3 Flashcards
nature
-gen layout of the nervous sys
nurture
-various connections are adjusted to meet demands of env (aka neuroplasticity)
neuroplastisity
-ability of the brain to change its own structure and fxn through activity and though
-most prominent during critical periods of dev and then is reduced
critical periods
-early dev
-includes language, vision, hearing, and all of our human fxns
ongoing adjustments
-learning & memory
-constraint-induced movement therapy
constraint-induced movement therapy
-taking the little mvmt that is on their weaker side and work it to overcome the learned unused side & make gains
neurons & their connections
-the nervous sys adjusts to match the body and the env
neurogenesis
-creating new neurons
neural stem cells
-cells that can produce new CNS neurons or glial cells
stem cells
-can be found in the walls of the ventricles, the hippocampus, and the subventricular zone of lateral ventricles that migrate to olfactory bulb
rewiring
-creating new neuronal pathways
-relearning something
unmasking
-uncovering existing, but rarely used neuronal pathways
cortical re-organization
-reassigning cortical “real estate”
changes in synaptic efficiency
-basis of learning and memory
-neurons comm primarily through chemical transmission via neurotransmitters
Hebb’s principle
-“neurons that fire together, wire together”
potentiation
-increase in synaptic efficiency
(the more you do something the more the neurons will help you do that thing more efficiently
depression
-a decrease in synaptic efficiency (neurons that fire apart, fire apart)
-harder & more effortful when trying to learn something
short-term potentiation or depression
-lasts a few mins; gen consequence of activity
ex: learn something & having a hard time, but then feeling like you can do it in the end until you have to do it again but do not remember anything
long-term potentiation or depression
-producing lasting changes ; basis of learning & memory and
-affect in neuro rehab
-keep practicing to build long-term
what facilitates neuroplasticity
-good practice
-physical exercise
-intensity/redundancy
-enhanced env
-indiv saliency
-goal driven tasks
matching process
-infants must then match neuronal connections to their bodies & external ev through a matching procrss
(with practice & repetition they make a connection)
how do human’s make sure the right neurons survive?
-target tissues in the body produce a limited quantity of neurotrophic factors
-some get food or neurotropic factors & transport them back to the cell body; those neurons are nourished & survive
-those that don’t get fed/connected, die off
neuronal competition
-neurons compete for neurotrophic factors during development
immature neurons
-they receive inputs & make synaptic connections much more easily than adult neurons
critical periods
-brain changes & adaptation can happen easily
-vary in length for different parts of brain & different parts of the brain & different skills
-nearly every human behavior has this
plasticity
-maximal & synapses made during critical periods are more or less permanent
synaptic connections are adjusted throughout life
-neurodevelopment processes & processes during critical periods complete the basic wiring of neuronal networks
declarative memory
aka explicit
-memory of facts, events, concepts, & places
non-declarative memory
aka implicit
-procedural memory
-how-to memory (things you know how to do or things you do that are hard to state out loud
immediate memory
-lasts up to 3 seconds
-snapshot of sensory input
-processed by primary sensory & sensory association areas of brain and is encoded for the next stage
immediate memory example
-someone says something and then you give them a delayed response
working memory
-lasts 3-30 seconds
-info we keep in mind, manipulate & rehearse
working memory example
Someone gives you a phone number, and you say it repeatedly until you dial it.
then if you don’t remember and you get rid of it in your brain but if it is a person you want to get to know, you would keep rehearsing their #
long term memory
-lasts more than 30 seconds to remote
-relatively permanent storage of info that has been processed in working memory
declarative memory structure
-the hippocampus
-associated with memory specifically consolidation
-taking working memory & then consolidating it so that it can be pushed out to more long term memory
non-declarative memory: skills & habits
-muscle memory
-for balance; motor
-skill based memories
non-declarative memory
-emotion association
non-declarative memory: conditioned reflexes
-flinching
cognitive learning
-verbally guide motor task; requires much attention (when learning something new)
associative learning
-movement is refined and made more efficient
-refine it on your own; no one should talk to you bc you js need practice
autonomous learning
-movements are practically automatic; requires very little conscious attention
-do these things automatically w/o having conscious attention
common diagnoses involved in memory loss
-cerebral confusions/tbi
-stroke & anoxia
-Korsakoff’s psychosis
-alzhemier’s disease
-psychogenic amnesia
-normal memory loss
neuronal repair
-PNS nerve fibers can regrow after injury
-CNS neurons do not typically regenerate
what is anterograde amnesia?
-deficit in forming new memories
consolidation
-conversion of working memory to long term memory
