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Neuroanatomy > Ch 3 Flashcards > Flashcards

Ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

nature

A

-gen layout of the nervous sys

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2
Q

nurture

A

-various connections are adjusted to meet demands of env (aka neuroplasticity)

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3
Q

neuroplastisity

A

-ability of the brain to change its own structure and fxn through activity and though
-most prominent during critical periods of dev and then is reduced

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4
Q

critical periods

A

-early dev
-includes language, vision, hearing, and all of our human fxns

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5
Q

ongoing adjustments

A

-learning & memory
-constraint-induced movement therapy

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6
Q

constraint-induced movement therapy

A

-taking the little mvmt that is on their weaker side and work it to overcome the learned unused side & make gains

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7
Q

neurons & their connections

A

-the nervous sys adjusts to match the body and the env

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8
Q

neurogenesis

A

-creating new neurons

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9
Q

neural stem cells

A

-cells that can produce new CNS neurons or glial cells

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10
Q

stem cells

A

-can be found in the walls of the ventricles, the hippocampus, and the subventricular zone of lateral ventricles that migrate to olfactory bulb

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11
Q

rewiring

A

-creating new neuronal pathways
-relearning something

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12
Q

unmasking

A

-uncovering existing, but rarely used neuronal pathways

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13
Q

cortical re-organization

A

-reassigning cortical “real estate”

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14
Q

changes in synaptic efficiency

A

-basis of learning and memory
-neurons comm primarily through chemical transmission via neurotransmitters

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15
Q

Hebb’s principle

A

-“neurons that fire together, wire together”

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16
Q

potentiation

A

-increase in synaptic efficiency
(the more you do something the more the neurons will help you do that thing more efficiently

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17
Q

depression

A

-a decrease in synaptic efficiency (neurons that fire apart, fire apart)
-harder & more effortful when trying to learn something

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18
Q

short-term potentiation or depression

A

-lasts a few mins; gen consequence of activity
ex: learn something & having a hard time, but then feeling like you can do it in the end until you have to do it again but do not remember anything

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19
Q

long-term potentiation or depression

A

-producing lasting changes ; basis of learning & memory and

-affect in neuro rehab

-keep practicing to build long-term

20
Q

what facilitates neuroplasticity

A

-good practice
-physical exercise
-intensity/redundancy
-enhanced env
-indiv saliency
-goal driven tasks

21
Q

matching process

A

-infants must then match neuronal connections to their bodies & external ev through a matching procrss
(with practice & repetition they make a connection)

22
Q

how do human’s make sure the right neurons survive?

A

-target tissues in the body produce a limited quantity of neurotrophic factors
-some get food or neurotropic factors & transport them back to the cell body; those neurons are nourished & survive
-those that don’t get fed/connected, die off

23
Q

neuronal competition

A

-neurons compete for neurotrophic factors during development

24
Q

immature neurons

A

-they receive inputs & make synaptic connections much more easily than adult neurons

25
Q

critical periods

A

-brain changes & adaptation can happen easily
-vary in length for different parts of brain & different parts of the brain & different skills
-nearly every human behavior has this

26
Q

plasticity

A

-maximal & synapses made during critical periods are more or less permanent

27
Q

synaptic connections are adjusted throughout life

A

-neurodevelopment processes & processes during critical periods complete the basic wiring of neuronal networks

28
Q

declarative memory
aka explicit

A

-memory of facts, events, concepts, & places

29
Q

non-declarative memory
aka implicit

A

-procedural memory
-how-to memory (things you know how to do or things you do that are hard to state out loud

30
Q

immediate memory

A

-lasts up to 3 seconds
-snapshot of sensory input
-processed by primary sensory & sensory association areas of brain and is encoded for the next stage

31
Q

immediate memory example

A

-someone says something and then you give them a delayed response

32
Q

working memory

A

-lasts 3-30 seconds
-info we keep in mind, manipulate & rehearse

33
Q

working memory example

A

Someone gives you a phone number, and you say it repeatedly until you dial it.

then if you don’t remember and you get rid of it in your brain but if it is a person you want to get to know, you would keep rehearsing their #

34
Q

long term memory

A

-lasts more than 30 seconds to remote
-relatively permanent storage of info that has been processed in working memory

35
Q

declarative memory structure

A

-the hippocampus
-associated with memory specifically consolidation
-taking working memory & then consolidating it so that it can be pushed out to more long term memory

36
Q

non-declarative memory: skills & habits

A

-muscle memory
-for balance; motor
-skill based memories

37
Q

non-declarative memory

A

-emotion association

38
Q

non-declarative memory: conditioned reflexes

A

-flinching

39
Q

cognitive learning

A

-verbally guide motor task; requires much attention (when learning something new)

40
Q

associative learning

A

-movement is refined and made more efficient
-refine it on your own; no one should talk to you bc you js need practice

41
Q

autonomous learning

A

-movements are practically automatic; requires very little conscious attention
-do these things automatically w/o having conscious attention

42
Q

common diagnoses involved in memory loss

A

-cerebral confusions/tbi
-stroke & anoxia
-Korsakoff’s psychosis
-alzhemier’s disease
-psychogenic amnesia
-normal memory loss

43
Q

neuronal repair

A

-PNS nerve fibers can regrow after injury
-CNS neurons do not typically regenerate

44
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A

-deficit in forming new memories

45
Q

consolidation

A

-conversion of working memory to long term memory

Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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