Ch 3 Chemical Building Blocks

Question 0

Stereoisomers

Answer 0

Differ in how molecular groups attach

Question 1

Isomers

Answer 1

Molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula

Question 2

Enantiomers

Answer 2

Mirror image molecules

Ex: OH and HO

Question 3

Polymer macromolecules

Answer 3

Built by linking monomers

Question 4

Monomer

Answer 4

Small, similar chemical subunits.

Question 5

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 5

Formation of large molecules by the removal of water

Responsible for turning monomers into polymers

Question 6

Hydrolysis

Answer 6

Breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water

• responsible for breaking down polymers into monomers

Question 7

Carbohydrates

Answer 7

Molecules with 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

CH2O

Is a polymer

Question 8

Monosaccharides

Answer 8

Simplest carbohydrate

Good example-Glucose- c6h12o6
Fructose- structural isomer of glucose
Galactose-stereoisomer of glucose

Question 9

Disaccharides

Answer 9

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis

Used for sugar transport or energy storage
Examples sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 10

Polysaccharide

Answer 10

Long chains of monosaccharides
Linked though dehydration synthesis

Energy storage- plants use starch. Animals use glycogen

Structural support- plants use cellular
Fungi use chitin

Question 11

Nucleic acid

Answer 11

Polymer- Nucleic acids
Monomers- nucleotides

Sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base

Sugar is deoxyribose in DNa or ribose in rna

Question 12

Phosphodiester bonds

Answer 12

This connect nucleotides together

Question 13

Dna

Answer 13

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Encodes information for amino acid sequence of proteins

Question 14

Double helix

Answer 14

2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds

A-----t = always double hydrogen bond 
C----g = always triple hydrogen bond

Question 15

Rna

Answer 15

Ribonucleic acid

Contains uracil instead of thymine
Single polynucleotide strand
Uses information in Dna to specify sequence of amino acids in proteins.

Make up amino acids

Question 16

Atp

Answer 16

Adenosine triphosphate

Primary energy currency of the cell

Question 17

Proteins functions

Answer 17

Enzyme catalysis
Defense
Transport
Support
Motion regulation 
Storage

Question 18

Proteins

Answer 18

Are polymers. Composed of amino acids

Question 19

Primary structure of protein

Answer 19

Sequence of amino acids to form polypeptide

Question 20

Secondary structure of protein

Answer 20

Folding of polypeptide due to attraction and repulsions

Question 21

Tertiary structure of protein

Answer 21

Final folded shape of a globular protein

– final level of structure for proteins consisting of only a single polypeptide chain

Attraction and repulsions of r groups

Question 22

Quaternary structure of protein

Answer 22

Arrangement of individual chains (subunits) in a protein with 2 or more polypeptide chains.

Question 23

Chaperones

Answer 23

Chaperone proteins help protein fold correctly.

Deficiencies in chaperone proteins cause disease like cystic fibrosis

Question 24

Denaturation

Answer 24

Protein loses structure and function due to ph, temp, or ionic concentration of solution.

Question 25

Lipids

Answer 25

Loosely defined group of molecules with one main chemical characteristic.

Insoluble in water.
High proportion of non polar c-h bonds causes the molecule to be hydrophobic.

Question 26

Triglycerides

Answer 26

Composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 27

Phospholipids

Answer 27

Composed of glycerol and 2 fatty acid
non polar tails.
Polar head

Question 28

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 28

More complicated structure where 2 layers form.

Hydrophilic heads point outwards
Hydrophobic tails point towards each other.

Question 29

Nucleotide

Answer 29

Make up DNa strand

Made of phosphate, carbon, sugar, nitrogen