Ch 3 Chemical Building Blocks Flashcards

0
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Differ in how molecular groups attach

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1
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula

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2
Q

Enantiomers

A

Mirror image molecules

Ex: OH and HO

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3
Q

Polymer macromolecules

A

Built by linking monomers

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4
Q

Monomer

A

Small, similar chemical subunits.

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5
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Formation of large molecules by the removal of water

Responsible for turning monomers into polymers

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water

  • responsible for breaking down polymers into monomers
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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Molecules with 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

CH2O

Is a polymer

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8
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplest carbohydrate

Good example-Glucose- c6h12o6
Fructose- structural isomer of glucose
Galactose-stereoisomer of glucose

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9
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis

Used for sugar transport or energy storage
Examples sucrose, lactose, maltose

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10
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Long chains of monosaccharides
Linked though dehydration synthesis

Energy storage- plants use starch. Animals use glycogen

Structural support- plants use cellular
Fungi use chitin

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11
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Polymer- Nucleic acids
Monomers- nucleotides

Sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base

Sugar is deoxyribose in DNa or ribose in rna

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12
Q

Phosphodiester bonds

A

This connect nucleotides together

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13
Q

Dna

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Encodes information for amino acid sequence of proteins

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14
Q

Double helix

A

2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds

A-----t = always double hydrogen bond 
C----g = always triple hydrogen bond
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15
Q

Rna

A

Ribonucleic acid

Contains uracil instead of thymine
Single polynucleotide strand
Uses information in Dna to specify sequence of amino acids in proteins.

Make up amino acids

16
Q

Atp

A

Adenosine triphosphate

Primary energy currency of the cell

17
Q

Proteins functions

A
Enzyme catalysis
Defense
Transport
Support
Motion regulation 
Storage
18
Q

Proteins

A

Are polymers. Composed of amino acids

19
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

Sequence of amino acids to form polypeptide

20
Q

Secondary structure of protein

A

Folding of polypeptide due to attraction and repulsions

21
Q

Tertiary structure of protein

A

Final folded shape of a globular protein

– final level of structure for proteins consisting of only a single polypeptide chain

Attraction and repulsions of r groups

22
Q

Quaternary structure of protein

A

Arrangement of individual chains (subunits) in a protein with 2 or more polypeptide chains.

23
Q

Chaperones

A

Chaperone proteins help protein fold correctly.

Deficiencies in chaperone proteins cause disease like cystic fibrosis

24
Denaturation
Protein loses structure and function due to ph, temp, or ionic concentration of solution.
25
Lipids
Loosely defined group of molecules with one main chemical characteristic. Insoluble in water. High proportion of non polar c-h bonds causes the molecule to be hydrophobic.
26
Triglycerides
Composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
27
Phospholipids
Composed of glycerol and 2 fatty acid non polar tails. Polar head
28
Phospholipid bilayer
More complicated structure where 2 layers form. Hydrophilic heads point outwards Hydrophobic tails point towards each other.
29
Nucleotide
Make up DNa strand Made of phosphate, carbon, sugar, nitrogen