Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pychology Ch 1 Mcat > Ch 3 > Flashcards

Ch 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Habituation

A

Process of becoming used to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dis habituation

A

Can occur when a second stimulus intervenes causing re-sensitization to the original stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Associative learning

A

Way of pairing together stimuli and responses or behaviors and consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Classical conditioning

A

And unconditioned stimulus produces an instinctive unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus. With repetition the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response

Unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that brings reflex response

Neutral stimuli do not produce a reflexive response

Also called acquisition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In operant conditioning

A

Behaviors change through the use of consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Reinforcement

A

Increases the likelihood of the behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases the likelihood of A behavior

Positive punishment add an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior

Negative punishment is the reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Schedule of reinforcement

A

Affects the rate at which the behavior is performed. Schedules can be based either on a ratio of behavior to reward or on an amount of time and can be either fixed or variable. Behaviors learned to variable ratio schedules are the hardest to is extinguish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Encoding

A

Process of putting new information into memory. It can be automatic or effortful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Stronger than both acoustic and visual encoding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sensory and short term memory

A

Transient and are based on neurotransmitter activity

7+ 2 rule
Located inhippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Working memory

A

Require short term memory attention and executive function to manipulate information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Long term memory

A

Requires elaborate rehearsal and is the result of an increase neuronal connectivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explicit declarative memory

A

Stores facts and stories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Implicit non-declarative memory

A

Store skills and conditioning effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Semantic networks

A

This is how facts are stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Recognition versus recall

A

Recognition of information is stronger than recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Retrieval of information

A

Based on priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are memories lost

A

Alzheimer’s disease, Korsakoff syndrome, Agnocia, decay, interference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neural plasticity

A

Decreases with age and both learning and memory rely on changes in brain chemistry and physiology which depends on this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Responsible for the conversion of short-term to long-term memory. Is the strengthening of neuronal connections resulting from increased neurotransmitter released and adding of receptor sites

22
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

If an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented a gun a week condition response can sometimes be exhibited

Extinction occurs if a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times

23
Q

Generalization

A

Effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the condition stimulus can also produce the conditioned response

24
Q

Discrimination

A

Organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli

25
Q

Escape learning

A

Ie. Take an aspirin

Role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists like a headache.

26
Q

Avoidance learning

A

Prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen

27
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Something that we respond naturally two for example a fish is a treat that the dolphin response to naturally

28
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

Secondary reinforcer

Clicker that is paired with a fish

29
Q

Fixed ratio schedules

A

Reinforce the behavior after a specific number performances of that behavior

I.e. continuous reinforcement

30
Q

Variable ratio schedule is

A

Reinforce a behavior after a very number of performances of the behavior but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant

For example giving a reward after two button presses then eight then four then six

Works the fastest for learning a new behavior and is also the most resistance to extinction

31
Q

Fixed interval schedules

A

Reinforce the first instance of a behavior after specific time. Has elapsed.

For example a rat gets a pallet it has to be 60 seconds before I can get another pallet

32
Q

Variable interval schedules

A

Reinforce the behavior for the first time that behavior is performed after a very long interval of times

Wait to 60 seconds then may wait 90 seconds and 30 etc.

33
Q

Fixed schedules

A

Fixed ratio and fixed interval often have a brief moment of no response after the behavior is reinforced. The rat will stop hitting the lever until it wants another pallet once it figures out what behavior is necessary to receive the pallet

34
Q

Shaping

A

Process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors

Example if you want to train a bird to spin around in place then pack a key on a keyboard. You might want to give the birthday treat for turning your head slightly left them a little bit more than 180° etc. then you might only reward this behavior is done near the keyboard until he eventually the bird is only rewarded once the full set of behaviors is performed

35
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

Example
Rats that were simply carried through the maze and then giving incentives for completing the maze on their own perform just as well or better than those rats that had been trained via operant conditioning techniques in which they were rewarded along the way

36
Q

Problem-solving

A

I thought of learning of trial and error

Once trial and error does not work or we get tired of it take a step back observe and then take decisive action to solve the challenge. Example Jigsaw puzzle

37
Q

Preparedness

A

Reporting behavior the most animals are able to learn. Those that can side but their natural behaviors

38
Q

Instinctive drift

A

Difficulty overcoming instinctual behavior

39
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Fire when an individual performance in action and when the individual observe someone else performing the action

40
Q

Automatic processing

A

Information gain without effort

41
Q

Controlled effortful processing

A

Active memorization

42
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Putting information into a meaningful context

What is the strongest and visual encoding is the weakest

43
Q

Self reference affect

A

To recall information when we put it into the context of our own life

44
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repetition of a piece of information to keep it in working memory

45
Q

Method of loci

A

Associating each item on a list with a location along your route through a building that has already been memorized

46
Q

Peg word system

A

Associating numbers with items that rhyme with our assemble the numbers

47
Q

Whole report versus partial report

A

Over part is asking to identify all the letters that a presence on the screen and part report is identifying a particular row

48
Q

Iconic

A

Visual memory

49
Q

Echoic

A

auditory memory

50
Q

Episodic memory

A

Our experiences

51
Q

Relearning

A

Demonstrating information has been stored in long-term. Trying to remember what you studied yesterday and learning it faster

Longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning the greater the retention

Pychology Ch 1 Mcat (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions