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Pychology Ch 1 Mcat > Ch 2 > Flashcards

Ch 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychophysics

A

Relationship between the physical nature of stimuli and Sensations and perceptions they evoke

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2
Q

Photo receptors

A

Respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum

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3
Q

Hair cells

A

Respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear structures

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4
Q

Nociceptors

A

Respond to painful or noxious stimuli

SomMotosensation

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5
Q

Osmo receptors

A

Respond to the osmolarity of the blood

Water homeostasis

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6
Q

Perception

A

Link to experience and internal and external biases

Part of psychology because the same sensation can produce different perceptions in different people

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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum amount of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system

Threshold in sensation not perception

Will not reach the central nervous system

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8
Q

limina

A

A threshold under which a stimulus is not precieved

This is the same as sublimal perception which refers to the perception of a stimulus below a given threshold

This is a threshold of conscious perception, meaning that is stimulus will arrive at the central nervous system but does not reach higher order brain regions that control attention and consciousness

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9
Q

Difference threshold

A

Just noticeable difference

For hearing .68 percent

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10
Q

Webbers law

A

There is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a just noticeable difference and the magnitude of the original stimulus

For a higher magnitude stimuli actual difference must be larger to produce a just noticeable difference

Accurate for all my Dality’s except extremely high and low ends of each range

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11
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Affects of nonsense three factors such as experiences motives and expectations on the perception of stimuli

Houses to look at response bias (is subject is asked to see if it’s stimulus was given or not. Therefore possible outcomes hits miss false alarms and or correct negatives. Is stimulus may not actually be given

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12
Q

Adaptation

A

Decrease in response to a stimulus overtime

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13
Q

Cornea

A

Gathers in filters incoming light

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14
Q

Iris

A

Devise the front of the I in to the anterior and posterior chamber. It has two muscles the dilator (symapthtic) and constrictor pupillary (parasympathetic)

Continuous with choroid and ciliary body

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15
Q

Lens

A

Refracts incoming light to focus on the retina and is held in place by suspensory ligament is connected to the ciliary muscle (parasympathetic)

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16
Q

Ciliary body

A

Deuces aqueous humor which drains through the canal Schlemm

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17
Q

Cones

A

Three forms of short medium and long wave length

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18
Q

Retina

A

Made of rods and cones. Contains mostly cones in the macula and the center of the macula is the fovea.

The macular corresponds to the central visual fields

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19
Q

Rods and cones

A

Synapse With bipolar cells which synapse on ganglion cells. Integration of signals from the ganglion cells and edge sharpening is performed by horizontal and amacrine cells

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20
Q

Eye structure

A

The bulk of the I supported by the vitreous humor on the inside and the sclera and choroid on the outside

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21
Q

Visual pathway

A

Starts in the eye travels through the optic nerves optic chiasm an optic tracts lateral geniculate nucleus of the Thalamus and the visual radiations to get to the visual cortex

The visual radiations run through the Temporel and parietal lobe’s

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22
Q

Parallel processing

A

The ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color shape and motion

Shape is detected by parvocellular cells (high spatial resolution and low temporal resolution)

Motion is detected by magnocellular cells with low spatial resolution and high Temporal resolution

Called feature detection in neuroscience

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23
Q

Catch trials

A

Trials in which signal is presented

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24
Q

Noise trials

A

in which the signal is not presented

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25
Sclera
Does not cover the cornea
26
Eye supply
Choridal vessels (between the sclera and the retina retinal vessels
27
Posterior chamber
Lies between the iris and lens
28
Accommodation
The ciliary muscle pulling on the suspensory ligament's changes the shape of the lens
29
Duplex city or duplicity theory of vision
Retina contains two kinds a photo receptors
30
Cones
Short blue medium green long ride
31
Rods
Pigment rhodopsin
32
Bipolar cells
I like radiance between adjacent rods or cons
33
Ganglion cells
Form the optic nerve. More ganglion cells then photoreceptors Causes a loss of details as information from the photo receptors is combined As the number of receptors converge on bipolar neurons which converge on the ganglion cell increases the resolution decreases
34
Ama crime and horizontal cells
Receive input from multiple retinal cells in the same area Can't detect differences between a visual information in each bipolar cell
35
Parvocellular cells
Only allow us to see fine detail and only work with stationary slow moving objects
36
Magnocellular cells
Cannot see detail were able to see moving image of an object
37
Outer ear
Made of the pinna (auricle), external auditory canal and tympanic membrane
38
Middle ear
Malleus(hammer) incus -anvil and stapes- stirrup Stapes press on the oval window of the cochlea Connected to the nasal cavity via the eustachian tube
39
Inner ear
Made of a bony labyrinth with which the membranous Labrinthis located. The bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph and the membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph
40
Membranous labyrinth
Made of the cochlea which detect sound the utricle and saccule which detect linear acceleration and the semicircular Canal's which detect rotational acceleration
41
Auditory pathway
``` Cochlea the Vestibuler cochlear nerve Medial geniculate nucleus of the Thalamus auditory cortex and the Temporel lobe ``` Also projects to the superior all live which localizes the sound. And the inferior colliculus which is involved in the startle reflex
42
Olfactory pathway
Olfactory nerve olfactory bulb olfactory tract higher order brain areas such as the limbic system
43
Somotosensation
Pressure vibrations pain and temperature
44
Two pointThreshold
Minimum distance needed between two points of stimulation on the skin such as the points that will be felt as two distinct stimuli
45
Physiological zero
Normal temperature of the skin to which objects are compare two to determine if they feel warm or cold
46
Gate theory of. Pain
Pain sensation is reduced when are there somotosensory signals are present
47
Proprioception
Kinesthetic sense Where body is in 3-D space
48
Bottom up processing
Data driven Refers to recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection. It is lower than less prone to mistakes
49
Top down processing
recognition of an object my memories and expectations with a little attention to detail. It is faster but more prone to mistakes
50
Law of pregnanz
Perceptual organization will always be as regular simple and symmetric as possible
51
Law of closure
When a space is enclosed by a group of lions it is perceived as a complete or closed line
52
Subjective contours
Perception of non-existent edges in figures based on surrounding visual cues
53
Law of good continuation
Elements that appear to follow the same path way tend to be grouped together
54
Law of similarity
Objects that are similar appear to be grouped together
55
Law of proximity
Elements close to one another tent to be perceived as a unit
56
Gestalt principles
Where is the brain can infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete
57
Perceptual organization
Synthesis of stimuli to make sense of the world including integration of depth form motion and constancy
58
Tympanic membrane
Moves at a higher rate for high frequency sound and more slowly for low-frequency sound. Louder sounds of greater intensity which you corresponds to an increase amplitude for this vibration Attached to the malleus
59
Endolymph
Potassium rich
60
Perilymph
Transmits vibrations
61
Cochlea
Divided into three parts scalae Middle scalae: organ of Corti, russ on basilar membrane. Organ of Corti has hair cells which are covered in endolymph Other 2 filled with perilymph
62
Tectorial membrane
On top of the organ of Corti and is an immobile membrane

Pychology Ch 1 Mcat (7 decks)

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