Biology And Behaviour

Question 1

Franz Gall

Answer 1

Doctorine of phrenology- believed that by feeling or measuring the skull one can measure psychological attributes

False idea

Question 2

Phrenology

Answer 2

If a particular trait was well developed, then the part of the brain responsible for that trait would expand. This expansion would push the area of the skull that covered that part of the brain outward creating a buldge on the head.

Question 3

Pierre flourens

Answer 3

Studied functions of brain through extirpation on animals (rabbit and pigeons). Asserted that brain had specific parts for specific functions. Removing one part weakened the whole brain.

Question 4

Extirpation

Answer 4

Removing parts of brain surgically and then observing behavioral consequences

Question 5

Ablation

Answer 5

Another word for extirpation

Question 6

William James

Answer 6

Father of American psychology ; formed functionalism

Question 7

Functionalism

Answer 7

Studied how mental processes help individuals adapt to environments

Question 8

John Dewey

Answer 8

Criticized concept of reflex arc ;

Thought we should focus on studying organism as a whole as it functioned to adapt to environment

Question 9

Reflex arc

Answer 9

Breaks process of reacting to stimulus into discrete parts ( Dewey)

Neural circuits that control reflexes

• rather than waiting for brain to send out signal, interneurons send signals to muscles
• the sensory info will still reach brain. But by that time muscles will have responded to stimuli ( i.e. Hot)

Question 10

Paul Broca

Answer 10

Demonstrated that specific functional impairments could be linked with specific brain regions

Examined behavioral deficits of people with brain damage

Came up with bro as area

Question 11

Broca’s area

Answer 11

Person cannot talk

Question 12

Herman von helmholtz

Answer 12

Measures the speed of a nerve impulse on form of reaction time

Question 13

Sir Charles Sherrington

Answer 13

Inferred the existence of synapses

-only one conclusion wrong (believed that synaptic transmission was an electrical process but now know that it is a chemical process

Question 14

3 kinds of nerve cells

Answer 14

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons

Question 15

Sensory neurons

Answer 15

= afferent neurons

Transmit sensory info from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

Question 16

Motor neurons

Answer 16

=efferent neurons

Transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Question 17

Interneurons

Answer 17

Most numerous

Located predominantly in h brain and spinal cord and often linked to reflexes

Question 18

Nervous system parts

Answer 18

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Question 19

Parts of the central nervous system

Answer 19

Brain and spinal cord

Question 20

Parts of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 20

is made up of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord including all 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Question 21

2 cranial nerves that are outgrowth of the central nervous system

Answer 21

OlFactory and optic nerves

Question 22

SubDivision of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 22

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

Question 23

Somatic nervous system

Answer 23

Consists of some sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin joints and muscles. Sensory neurons transmit information from afferent fibers. motor impulses travel along efferent fibers

Question 24

Afferent neurons

Answer 24

Ascend in the cord toward the brain

Question 25

Efferent neurons

Answer 25

Exit the cord on their way to the rest of the body

Question 26

Autonomic nervous system subdivisions

Answer 26

Parasympathetic and sympathetic They are an antagonistic of each other

Question 27

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 27

Acts to accelerate heart rate inhibit digestion Activated by stress Fight or flight Increases blood glucose concentration distribute blood to muscles of locomotion Relaxes the bronchi Decreases digestion Peristalsis Dilates eyes to maximize light intake inhibits salivation Stimulates sweating or Piloerection Inhibits bladder contraction Stimulates orgasm

Question 28

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 28

De accelerates heart rate and increases digestion Main role to conserve energy Associated with resting and sleeping states Responsible for constricting the bronchi Manage digestion by increasing peristalsis and exocrine secretions. Stimulates bile release Contracts bladder Constructs pupils Stimulates the flow of saliva

Question 29

Parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter

Answer 29

Acetylcholine

Question 30

Sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter

Answer 30

Epinephrine Also secretes adrenaline and non-adrenaline

Question 31

Meninges

Answer 31

Thick sheet of connective tissue covering the brain Functions include protecting the brain, keeping it anchored within the skull, re-absorbing cerebral spinal fluid

Question 32

Layers of the meninges

Answer 32

``` Skin Periosteum Bone Dura mater arachnoid mater Pia Mater ```

Question 33

Cerebral spinal fluid

Answer 33

Aqueous solution in which the brain and spinal cord rest Produced by specialized cells that line the ventricles known as the internal cavities of the brain

Question 34

Subdivisions of the brain

Answer 34

Hindbrain midbrain forebrain Note to self : structures associated with basic survival are located at the base of the brain and brain structures with more complex functions are located higher up

Question 35

Brainstem

Answer 35

Form from the hindbrain and midbrain Most primitive region

Question 36

Limbic system

Answer 36

Group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory Aggression fear pleasure pain are all related to the limbic system Developed after the brainstem along with the forebrain

Question 37

Cerebral cortex

Answer 37

Outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres Most recent evolutionary development Functions include complex perceptual cognitive and behavioral processes

Question 38

Forebrain parts

Answer 38

``` Cerebral cortex basil ganglia limbic system thalamus hypothalamus Complex, cognition, behavioural processes , emotion and memory ```

Question 39

Basal ganglia

Answer 39

Function movement

Question 40

Thalamus

Answer 40

Function of sensory relay station

Question 41

Hypothalamus

Answer 41

Function hunger and thirst including emotion

Question 42

Midbrain parts

Answer 42

Inferior (sensory input from auditory) and superior colliculi (visual input) Gets sensory and motor info from rest of the body Reflexes

Question 43

Inferior and superior colliculi

Answer 43

Functions sensorimotor reflexes

Question 44

hindbrain parts

Answer 44

Cerebellum Medela oblagonta reticular formation

Question 45

cerebellum

Answer 45

Functions refined motor movements Posture, balance and coordinate body movements Damage (slurred speech, loss of balance and clumsiness) Alcohol affects this (Metencephalon - and pons) Behind pons

Question 46

Medulla oblagonta

Answer 46

Functions (vital functioning )breathing, heart rate and blood pressure digestion From the mylecephalon

Question 47

Reticular formation

Answer 47

Functions include arousal and alertness

Question 48

Subdivisions of the embryonic brain

Answer 48

``` Prosencephalon (forebrain) -telencephalon -diemcephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon (hind brain) -metencephalon -mylencephalon Spinal cord ```

Question 49

Pons

Answer 49

Above the medulla Sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla

Question 50

Telencephalon

Answer 50

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and limbiax system