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Pychology Ch 1 Mcat > Biology And Behaviour > Flashcards

Biology And Behaviour Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Franz Gall

A

Doctorine of phrenology- believed that by feeling or measuring the skull one can measure psychological attributes

False idea

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2
Q

Phrenology

A

If a particular trait was well developed, then the part of the brain responsible for that trait would expand. This expansion would push the area of the skull that covered that part of the brain outward creating a buldge on the head.

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3
Q

Pierre flourens

A

Studied functions of brain through extirpation on animals (rabbit and pigeons). Asserted that brain had specific parts for specific functions. Removing one part weakened the whole brain.

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4
Q

Extirpation

A

Removing parts of brain surgically and then observing behavioral consequences

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5
Q

Ablation

A

Another word for extirpation

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6
Q

William James

A

Father of American psychology ; formed functionalism

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7
Q

Functionalism

A

Studied how mental processes help individuals adapt to environments

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8
Q

John Dewey

A

Criticized concept of reflex arc ;

Thought we should focus on studying organism as a whole as it functioned to adapt to environment

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9
Q

Reflex arc

A

Breaks process of reacting to stimulus into discrete parts ( Dewey)

Neural circuits that control reflexes

  • rather than waiting for brain to send out signal, interneurons send signals to muscles
  • the sensory info will still reach brain. But by that time muscles will have responded to stimuli ( i.e. Hot)
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10
Q

Paul Broca

A

Demonstrated that specific functional impairments could be linked with specific brain regions

Examined behavioral deficits of people with brain damage

Came up with bro as area

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11
Q

Broca’s area

A

Person cannot talk

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12
Q

Herman von helmholtz

A

Measures the speed of a nerve impulse on form of reaction time

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13
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

Inferred the existence of synapses

-only one conclusion wrong (believed that synaptic transmission was an electrical process but now know that it is a chemical process

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14
Q

3 kinds of nerve cells

A

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons

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15
Q

Sensory neurons

A

= afferent neurons

Transmit sensory info from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

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16
Q

Motor neurons

A

=efferent neurons

Transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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17
Q

Interneurons

A

Most numerous

Located predominantly in h brain and spinal cord and often linked to reflexes

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18
Q

Nervous system parts

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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19
Q

Parts of the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

Parts of the peripheral nervous system

A

is made up of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord including all 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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21
Q

2 cranial nerves that are outgrowth of the central nervous system

A

OlFactory and optic nerves

22
Q

SubDivision of the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

23
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Consists of some sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin joints and muscles. Sensory neurons transmit information from afferent fibers. motor impulses travel along efferent fibers

24
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Ascend in the cord toward the brain

25
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Exit the cord on their way to the rest of the body

26
Q

Autonomic nervous system subdivisions

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

They are an antagonistic of each other

27
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Acts to accelerate heart rate inhibit digestion

Activated by stress

Fight or flight

Increases blood glucose concentration

distribute blood to muscles of locomotion

Relaxes the bronchi

Decreases digestion Peristalsis

Dilates eyes to maximize light intake

inhibits salivation

Stimulates sweating or Piloerection

Inhibits bladder contraction

Stimulates orgasm

28
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

De accelerates heart rate and increases digestion

Main role to conserve energy

Associated with resting and sleeping states

Responsible for constricting the bronchi

Manage digestion by increasing peristalsis and exocrine secretions. Stimulates bile release

Contracts bladder

Constructs pupils

Stimulates the flow of saliva

29
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

30
Q

Sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter

A

Epinephrine

Also secretes adrenaline and non-adrenaline

31
Q

Meninges

A

Thick sheet of connective tissue covering the brain

Functions include protecting the brain, keeping it anchored within the skull, re-absorbing cerebral spinal fluid

32
Q

Layers of the meninges

A 
Skin
Periosteum 
Bone
Dura mater 
arachnoid mater 
Pia Mater
33
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid

A

Aqueous solution in which the brain and spinal cord rest

Produced by specialized cells that line the ventricles known as the internal cavities of the brain

34
Q

Subdivisions of the brain

A

Hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain

Note to self : structures associated with basic survival are located at the base of the brain and brain structures with more complex functions are located higher up

35
Q

Brainstem

A

Form from the hindbrain and midbrain

Most primitive region

36
Q

Limbic system

A

Group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory

Aggression fear pleasure pain are all related to the limbic system

Developed after the brainstem along with the forebrain

37
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres

Most recent evolutionary development

Functions include complex perceptual cognitive and behavioral processes

38
Q

Forebrain parts

A 
Cerebral cortex 
basil ganglia 
limbic system 
thalamus 
hypothalamus
Complex, cognition, behavioural processes , emotion and memory
39
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Function movement

40
Q

Thalamus

A

Function of sensory relay station

41
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Function hunger and thirst including emotion

42
Q

Midbrain parts

A

Inferior (sensory input from auditory) and superior colliculi (visual input)

Gets sensory and motor info from rest of the body

Reflexes

43
Q

Inferior and superior colliculi

A

Functions sensorimotor reflexes

44
Q

hindbrain parts

A

Cerebellum
Medela oblagonta
reticular formation

45
Q

cerebellum

A

Functions refined motor movements

Posture, balance and coordinate body movements

Damage (slurred speech, loss of balance and clumsiness)

Alcohol affects this

(Metencephalon - and pons)

Behind pons

46
Q

Medulla oblagonta

A

Functions (vital functioning )breathing, heart rate and blood pressure digestion

From the mylecephalon

47
Q

Reticular formation

A

Functions include arousal and alertness

48
Q

Subdivisions of the embryonic brain

A 
Prosencephalon (forebrain)
-telencephalon
-diemcephalon
Mesencephalon 
Rhombencephalon (hind brain) 
-metencephalon
-mylencephalon
Spinal cord
49
Q

Pons

A

Above the medulla

Sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla

50
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and limbiax system

Pychology Ch 1 Mcat (7 decks)

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