Ch 2C - Flight Instruments Flashcards
ISA
International Standard Atmosphere - standard conditions for flight instruments 29.92 in. Hg (14.7 lb/in^2 or 1013.2 millibars) and 15C(59F)
PFD
Primary Flight Display - contains primary flight instruments
MFD
Multifunction Display - variety of info (moving maps, airports, terrain, weather)
AHRS
Attitude and Heading Reference System - uses electronic gyroscopes, accelerometers, and a magnetometer to determine attitude relative to the horizon and heading
HSI
Horizontal Situation Indicator - displays current airplane heading in IFD
ADC
Air Data Computer - uses temp and pressure readings to determine readings for instruments in IFD
Instruments needed for VFR single engine flight
airspeed indicator, altimeter, magnetic compass, tachometer, oil pressure gauge, oil temp gauge, fuel gauge, manifold pressure gauge (constant speed prop), landing gear position indicator (retractable landing gear)
Standard lapse rates (below 36,000 feet)
help calculate anticipated temps and pressures at various altitudes, temp drops 2C and pressure 1.00 inches Hg for each 1,000 feet increase of altitude
Pitot tube
ram air pressure enters
Use static pressure
Airspeed indicator, altimeter, vertical speed indicator
Use pitot pressure
airspeed indicator
Static port
takes in relatively undisturbed air
V-speeds
Vso (end white arc) - stalling speed w/flaps down
Vs1 - (end green arc) - stalling speed w/flaps up
White arc - flap opp range/landings
Vfe (end white arc) - max speed w/flaps
Green arc - normal op range
Vno (end green arc) - max speed in non-smooth air
Yellow arc - only fly in smooth air/caution
Vne (red line) - never exceed
Va
maneuvering speed, changes with aircraft weight, not marked
Stall speed for a certain airplane
doesn’t change with altitude
arrows on the altimeter
long- hundreds of feet
mid- thousands of feet
short- tens of thousands of feet
indicated altitude
altimeter reading
pressure altitude
height above the standard datum plane
density altitude
pressure altitude corrected for temp, increase as temp increase
calibrated altitude
indicated altitude corrected to compensate for instrument error
true altitude
actual height above mean sea level
absolute altitude
vertical distance above surface
a one inch change on the altimeter
results in a 1,000 foot change in indicated altitude in the same direction
temp to pressure relationship
temp up, pressure up, true altitude higher than indicated altitude
trend information
immediate indication of a change in rate of climb/decent
rate information
stabilized rate of change
rigidity in space
a wheel spun rapidly will remain in a fixed position in the plane in which it is spinning
Precession
tilting or turning of a gyro in response to pressure
vacuum (suction) system
used to spin gyros in attitude and heading indicators
true altitude to indicated altitude
if you fly from high pressure to low pressure area altimeter will indicate higher than true altitude, low to high altimeter will be lower than true altitude
standard rate turn
alignment of wings on turn cordinator with turn index, 3 degrees per second
turn cordinator
shows aircraft yaw and roll, adjustable miniature airplane
slip
rate of turn is too slow for the angle of bank, ball moves to the inside of inclinometer
skid
rate of turn is too great for the angle of bank, ball moves to outside of inclinometer
heading indicator
must be aligned periodically with the magnetic compass due to precession
variation
angular difference between the true and magnetic poles
deviation
compass error due to disturbances from magnetic fields of the airplane and its electronic equipment
magnetic dip
earth’s magnetic field pulling the magnetic bar in a compass, results in a lag in reading in turns
accelerating/decelerating in the northern hemisphere heading west/east
accelerating - compass shows a turn to the north
decelerating - compass shows a turn to the south
right/left turns in northern hemisphere while heading north
right turn - initially indicates a turn to the west
left turn - initially indicates a turn to the east
integrated flight display
digital flight instruments
magnetometer
senses earths magnetic field to function as a compass, less errors
slip/skid indicator
helps maintain cordinated flight in IFD
turn rate indicator
provide reference marks for making standard rate turns in IFD
