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NUR109 Fundamentals > CH 28 Infection Prevention > Flashcards

CH 28 Infection Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

True or false? Incidence of HAIs is increasing.

A

Unfortunately true

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2
Q

What is infection?

A

the invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms, resulting in disease

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3
Q

True or false? Disease or infection results only if pathogens multiply and alter normal tissue function.

A

True!

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4
Q

When would you use an alcohol based cleaner vs when would you wash hands?

A
  • you can use alcohol based cleaner in most instances

- you must wash hands if they are visibly soiled or in the case of c. diff ( any microbes with spores)

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5
Q

What are the 6 steps in the chain of infection?

A
  • Infectious agent or pathogen
  • Reservoir or source for pathogen growth
  • Portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host
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6
Q

What is the major route of transmission for pathogens identified in the health care setting?

A

The unwashed hands of the health care worker. EW!

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7
Q

Immunocompromised

A

means having an impaired immune system

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8
Q

Virulence

A

is the ability to produce disease

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9
Q

Aerobic bacteria

A

require oxygen for survival and for multiplication sufficient to cause disease

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10
Q

Anaerobic bacteria

A

thrive where little or no free oxygen is available

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11
Q

bacteriostasis

A

prevention of growth and reproduction of bacteria

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12
Q

bactericidal

A

destructive to bacteria

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13
Q

What are the 4 stages of the infectious process?

A
  • The incubation period is the time interval between entrance of the pathogen and appearance of first symptoms.
  • Prodromal stage is the interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms.
  • Illness stage is the interval when the patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to the type of infection.
  • Convalescence is the interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear.
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14
Q

What is an infection that affects the entire body instead of just a single organ or part?

A

Systemic infection - can become fatal if undetected and untreated - gram negative (endotoxic bacteria) can cause sepsis

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15
Q

Normal flora

A
  • commensal/ mutual microorganisms that reside in/on the body
  • Normal body flora helps to resist infection by releasing antibacterial substances and inhibiting multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms through competition
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16
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of inflammation/local infection?

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • edema/swelling
  • pain
17
Q

Inflammatory exudates

A
  • the accumulation of fluid, dead tissues, and WBCs that forms at the site of infection
  • serous, sanguineous, or purulent
18
Q

How do HAI’s occur?

A
  • invasive procedures
  • antibiotic administration
  • the presence of multidrug-resistant organisms
  • breaks in infection prevention and control activities
19
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Caused by medical examination, procedure, or treatment

20
Q

Exogenous

A

comes from microorganisms found outside the individual such as Salmonella. They do not exist as normal floras.

21
Q

Endogenous

A

occurs when part of the patient’s flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results, as with streptococci. This often happens when a patient receives broad-spectrum antibiotics.

22
Q

What are risk factors for HAIs?

A
  • Number of health care employees with direct contact with the patient
  • Types and numbers of invasive procedures
  • Therapy received
  • Length of hospitalization
23
Q

What are factors that influence a patient’s susceptibility to infection?

A
  • Age
  • Nutritional status
  • Stress
  • Disease process
  • Treatments or conditions that compromise the immune response
24
Q

What questions asked during an assessment help the nurse gauge a patients susceptibility to infection?

A
  • travel history
  • immunizations
  • status of defense mechanisms (ie. skin integrity, physical assessment)
  • medical therapies that could weaken the immune response
  • signs and symptoms of infection
  • laboratory data
25
Q

What is aseptic technique?

A

Practices/ procedures that assist in reducing the risk for infection

26
Q

True or false? Surgical asepsis requires more stringent techniques than medical asepsis.

A

True!

surgical asepsis is directed at eliminating microorganisms and isolating the operative area.

27
Q

Disinfection

A

a process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception of bacterial spores, from inanimate objects

28
Q

Sterilization

A

the complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms, including spores

29
Q

What are the types of isolation precautions?

A
  • airborne
  • droplet
  • contact
  • protective environment
30
Q

What are the 4 elements of cough etiquette?

A
  • Cover your nose/mouth with a tissue when you cough, and promptly dispose of the contaminated tissue.
  • Place a surgical mask on a patient if it does not compromise respiratory function or is applicable; this may not be feasible in pediatric populations.
  • Perform hand hygiene after contact with contaminated respiratory secretions
  • Maintain spatial separation greater than 3 feet from persons with respiratory infection
31
Q

What are the Principles of Surgical Asepsis?

A
  1. A sterile object remains sterile only when touched by another sterile object.
  2. Only sterile objects may be placed on a sterile field.
  3. A sterile object or field out of the range of vision or an object held below a person’s waist is contaminated.
  4. A sterile object or field becomes contaminated by prolonged exposure to air.
  5. When a sterile surface comes in contact with a wet, contaminated surface, the sterile object or field becomes contaminated by capillary action.
  6. Fluid flows in the direction of gravity.
  7. The edges of a sterile field or container are considered to be contaminated.
32
Q

What is the proper order for donning PPE?

A

Gown
Mask
Goggles/
Gloves

33
Q

What is the order for doffing PPE?

A

Gloves
Goggles
Gown
Mask

34
Q

What are airborne isolation precautions and which diseases require them?

A

private room, negative pressure room, DOOR CLOSED, N95 mask

measles
SARS
varicella/ shingles
TB

35
Q

What are droplet isolation precautions and which diseases require them?

A

Mask, private room (or same infection patient)

Sepsis, scarlet fever strep
Pertussis, parvovirus B 19, pneumonia
Influenza
Diphtheria (pharyngeal)
Epiglottitis
Rubella
Mumps, meningitis, mycoplasma
Adenovirus
36
Q

What are contact isolation precautions and which diseases require them?

A

Gloves and gown

Multiresistant drug organisms (MRSA, etc…)
Respiratory infections
Skin infections

Wound infections
Enteric infections (C. Diff)
Eye infections (conjunctivitis

NUR109 Fundamentals (18 decks)

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