CH 28 female reproductive Flashcards
1
Q
Name the female gonads
A
ovaries
2
Q
What are the main functions of the female gonads?
A
- Produce female gametes (ova)
- Secrete female sex hormones
3
Q
What are the female gametes?
A
Ova/Ovum
4
Q
Name the female sex hormones
A
estrogen
Progesterone
5
Q
Name the accessory ducts for the fefmale reproductive system
A
–Uterine tubes
–Uterus
–Vagina
6
Q
Which are the internal genitalia for frmales?
A
–Ovaries
–Uterine tubes
–Uterus
–Vagina
7
Q
Where are in the body are the female internal reproductive organs?
A
Pelvic cavity
8
Q
Name the structure Labelled A
A
Cervix
9
Q
Name the structure Labelled B
A
Vagina
10
Q
Name the structure Labelled C
A
Infundibulum
11
Q
Name the structure Labelled D
A
Uterine tube
12
Q
Name the structure Labelled E
A
Ovary
13
Q
Name the structure Labelled F
A
Uterus
14
Q
Name the structure Labelled G
A
Clitoris
15
Q
Which ligaments anchor the ovary in place?
A
ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament
mesovarium
16
Q
Which ligaments make up the broad ligament?
A
suspensory and mesovarium
17
Q
What is the function of the broad ligament?
A
supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
18
Q
Which vessels supply blood to the ovaries?
A
•ovarian arteries and ovarian branch of the uterine arteries
19
Q
What are ovaries surrounded by ?
A
A fibrous tunica albuginea
20
Q
what is the outer layer of ovaries made up of?
A
Germinal epithelium
21
Q
Name the two regions of the ovaries
A
Outer cortex
inner medulla
22
Q
Which region of the ovaries are the ovarian follicles embedded
A
embedded in cirtex
23
Q
What are oocytes surrounded by?
A
–Follicle cells (one cell layer thick)
–Granulosa cells (more than one layer present)
24
Q
What is an oocyte?
A
An immature egg
25
What is a primordial follicle?
initial stage of development in follicle cycle. oocyte and single layer of follicle cells present
26
What do more mature follicles develop before the vesicular phase?
Several layers of granulosa cells
27
What is a vesicular (antral or tertiary) follicle?
A fully mature follicle
28
What happens during ovulation?
Ejection of oocyte from ripening follicle
29
What is corpus luteum?
develops from ruptured follicle after ovulation
30
What is the mesosalpinx?
mesentery that supports uterine tubes
31
How is an oocyte moved down the uterine tubes?
• peristalsis and ciliary action
32
What is the ampulla?
•Distal expansion with infundibulum near ovary
–Ciliated fimbriae of infundibulum create currents to move oocyte into uterine tube
33
What is the isthmus?
constricted region where tube joins uterus
34
What is the usual site of fertilization?
Uterine tubes
35
What is the function of the uterus?
–Receive, retain, nourish fertilized ovum
36
What is an anteverted uterus?
uterus is inclined forward
37
What is a retroverted uterus?
Uterus is inclined backward
38
What is the body of the uterus?
the major portion of the uterus
39
What is the fundus of the uterus?
rounded superior region of the uterus
40
What is the isthmus?
Narrowed inferior region of the uterus
41
what is the cervix?
narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina
42
What is the function of the cervical glands
secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during midcycle
43
Which other organs does the cervical canal communicate with?
–Vagina via external os
–Uterine body via internal os
44
Which ligaments support the uterus?
* Mesometrium
* Cardinal (lateral cervical ) ligaments
* Uterosacral ligaments
Round ligaments
45
Name the sacs of peritoneum that surround the uterus
* Vesicouterine pouch
* Rectouterine pouch
46
At what phase are primary Oocytes arrested?
Prophase 1
47
Where is the vesicouterine pouch located?
Between the bladder and the uterus
48
where is the rectouterine sac located?
Between the rectum and the uterus
49
Name the three layers of the uterus
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
50
What is the perimetrium?
serous outer layer (visceral peritoneum)
51
What is the myometrium?
Middle layer of uterine wall
Interlacing layers of smooth muscle
52
What is the endometrium?
Mucosal inner lining of the uterus
53
What layers is the endometrium made up of?
* Stratum functionalis (functional layer)
* Stratum basalis (basal layer)
54
What is the function of the stratum functionalis
–Changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles
–Shed during menstruation
55
What is the function of the stratum basalis
–Forms new functionalis after menstruation
–Unresponsive to ovarian hormones
56
Where do uterine arteries arise from?
internal iliacs
57
What do uterine arteried become in myometrium?
Arcuate arteries
58
What do arcuate arteries branch into in the endometrium?
Radial arteries
59
What type of artery is found in the stratum basalis?
straight arteries
60
What type of artery is found in the stratum functionalis?
spiral arteries
61
What is the vagina?
* Thin-walled tube 8-10 cm in length
* Birth canal and organ of copulation
* Extends between bladder and rectum from cervix to exterior
62
Where in the vagina is the urethra located?
•Urethra parallels course anteriorly; embedded in anterior wall
63
Name the three layers of the vagina?
–Fibroelastic adventitia
–Smooth muscle muscularis
–Stratified squamous mucosa with rugae
64
Mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition called ?
Hymen
65
What is the vaginal fornix?
upper end of vagina surrounding cervix
66
What are mammary glands?
•Modified sweat glands consisting of 15–25 lobes
67
what is the name of the pigmented skin surrounding the nipple?
Areola
68
Which ligaments attach the breast to the underlying muscle?
suspensory ligaments
69
What is the path of breast milk?
1. lactiferous ducts
2. lactiferous sinuses
3. open to outside at nipple
70
Lobules within lobes contain ...........that produce........?
Glandular alveoli/milk
71
What is the structure labelled A?
Suspensory ligamen
72
What is the structure labelled B?
Lobe
73
What is the structure labelled C?
Areola
74
What is the structure labelled D?
Nipple
75
What is the structure labelled E?
Lactiferous sinus
76
What is the structure labelled F?
Lactiferous duct
77
When does production of female gametes begin?
fetal period
78
How to oogonia reproduce?
mitosis
79
what happens each month when a primary Ooctye is selected to complete meiosis 1?
Two haploid cells of different sizes are produced
(Secondary Oocyte and first polar body)
80
What phase of meiosis does a secondary oocyte arrest in?
Metaphase II (as an ovulated ovum)
81
What happens to a secondary Oocyte if it is not penetrated by sperm?
It deteriorates and is excreted with menstruation
82
What happens to a secondary Oocyte if it is penetrated by sperm?
It completes meiosis II and becomes:
Ovum (functional gamete)
Second polar body
83
What happens to the polar bodies after Oogenesis?
They degenerate and die
84
What are the two consecutive phases of menstrual cycle?
Follicular phase
Luteal phase
85
When does ovulation occur?
Around day 14 of the menstrual cycle
86
What is the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
–period of follicle growth (days 1–14)
87
What is the lutal phase of the menstrual cycle?
–period of corpus luteum activity (days 14–28)
88
What are the four phases of follicle maturation?
1. Primordial follicle
2. primary follicle
3. secondary follicle
4. late secondary follicle
89
What forms around the Ooctye in the follicle?
Zona Pellucida
90
How are fraternal twins conceived?
1–2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte
91
How are identical twins conceived
fertilization of one oocyte, then separation of daughter cells
92
Which hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?
Progesterone and some estrogen
93
Which cells form the corpus luteum?
Granulosa cells and internal thecal cells
94
What happens to the corpus luteum if the ovum remains unfertilized?
degenerates into corpus albicans (scar) in 10 days
95
What is the function of the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
produces hormones that sustain pregnancy until placenta takes over at about 3 months
96
Why is there no menstruation before puberty?
ovaries grow and secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit hypothalamic release of GnRH
97
How is the cycle then established at puberty?
* GnRH released; FSH and LH released by pituitary, and act on ovaries
* These events continue until an adult cyclic pattern achieved and menarche occurs
98
What are the three phases of menstruation?
–Days 1–5: Menstrual phase
–Days 6–14: Proliferative (preovulatory) phase
–Days 15–28: Secretory (postovulatory) phase (constant 14-day length)
99
What is menstruation?
•Cyclic changes in endometrium in response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels
100
What happens in the menstrual phase (days 1-5)
–Ovarian hormones at lowest levels
–Gonadotropins beginning to rise
–Stratum functionalis shed; menstrual flow (blood and tissue) 3 - 5 days
–By day 5 growing ovarian follicles produce more estrogen
101
What happens during the Proliferative phase (Days 6 - 14)
–Rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
–Normally thick, sticky cervical mucus thins in response to rising estrogen (allows sperm passage)
–Ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase
102
What happens during the Secretory phase (Days 15 – 28)?
–Endometrium prepares for embryo
–Rising progesterone levels prompt:
* Functional layer à secretory mucosa
* Endometrial glands secrete nutrients
* Formation of cervical mucus plug
103
What are the effects of estrogen hormone?
* Promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
* Induce secondary sex characteristics:
–Growth of breasts
–Increased deposit of subcutaneous fat (hips and breasts)
–Widening and lightening of pelvis
•Metabolic effects (not true secondary sex characteristics)
–Maintain low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels
–Facilitate calcium uptake
104
What are the effects of progesterone?
* Progesterone works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
* Promotes changes in cervical mucus
* Effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy:
105
What is menopause?
•Has occurred when menses have ceased for an entire year
106
Treatment with estrogen-progesterone preparations given for years, why not longer?
–Smallest doses for shortest time alright to reduce symptoms if no breast cancer or mutated BRCA gene
107
What is gestation?
Pregnancy
108
How long is average gestation?
266 days
109
How do we predict due date?
280 days (40 weeks) from last menstrual period
110
what are trimesters
three months intervals of the pregnancy
111
What is conceptus?
all products of conception: the embryo
or fetus, the placenta, and associated membranes
112
What is a blastocyst?
the developing individual is a hollow ball for
the first 2 weeks
113
What is an embryo?
from day 16 through week 8
114
What is a fetus?
from beginning of week 9 to birth
115
What is a neonate?
newborn to 6 weeks
116
which are the hormones with the greatest influence on pregnancy?
– Estrogens
– Progesterone
– Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
117
Where are the pregnancy hormones primarily secreted from?
placenta
118
during which month does the fetus usually turn head down?
7th
119
what is parturition?
Process of giving birth
120
Name one factor in the pattern of increasing contractility during labor
Progesterone and estradiol
121
How does oxytocin promote labour
• Directly stimulates muscles of myometrium
• Stimulates fetal membranes to produce prostaglandins,
which are synergists of oxytocin in producing labor
contractions
122
What are the three stages of labor?
Dilation
– Expulsion
– Placental stage
123
What is puerpireum?
First six weeks after birth
