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Bio 151 > ch 26 nutrition > Flashcards

ch 26 nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

–The source of fuel that provides energy for all biological work

–The source of raw materials for replacement of worn-out biomolecules and cells

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2
Q

what is metabolism?

A

Sum of anabolism and catabolism

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3
Q

Gain weight if

A

–if intake exceeds output

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4
Q

–Lose weight

A

if output exceeds intake

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5
Q

Determining factor in weight

A

Bodies energy balance

If energy intake and output are equal, body weight is stable

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6
Q

What percentage of body wieght is hereditary?

A

30-50%

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7
Q

Two types of appetite regulators

A

Short -term and Long-term

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8
Q

Name the short term regulators

A
  • ghrelin
  • Peptide YY
  • cholecystokinin (CKK)
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9
Q

Properties of ghrelin

A
  • Secreted from parietal cells in fundus of empty stomach
  • Produces sensation of hunger
  • Ghrelin secretion ceases within an hour of eating
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10
Q

Peptide YY (PYY)

A
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11
Q

What is the effect of Cholecystokinin (CCK) on digestive system

A

acts as a signal to stop eating

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12
Q

Main function of short term regulators

A

–Mechanisms work over periods of minutes to hours

–Makes one feel hungry and begin eating

–Makes one feel satiated and end a meal

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13
Q

Main function of long term appetite regulators

A

govern caloric intake and energy expenditure over periods of weeks to years

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14
Q

Name the Long term appetite regulators

A

Leptin

Insulin

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15
Q

Role of Leptin

A

Informs brain on how much body fat we have

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16
Q

Role of insulin in appetite

A
  • Stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake
  • Promotes glycogen and fat synthesis
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17
Q

Which are the two neural networks involved in hunger?

A

Neuropeptide Y group

Melanocortin group

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18
Q

What is the umbrella term for the chemical signals from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain

A

Gut-brain peptides

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19
Q

What is the function of neuropeptide Y

A

Potent appetite stimulant

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20
Q

What is the function of melanocortin

A

inhibits eating

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21
Q

Which appetite regulators stimulate neuropeptide Y?

A

Ghrelin

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22
Q

Which appetite regulators inhibit neuropeptide Y?

A

Insulin

PYY

Leptin

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23
Q

Which appetite regulator stimulates melanocortin?

A

Leptin

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24
Q

What nuvleus of the hypothalamys has receptors for all 5 chemical signals?

A

Arcuate nucleus

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25
Q

What effect does gastric peristalsis have on hunger?

A

It stimulates hunger

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26
Q

Appetite is breifly satisfied by which physical signals

A
  • Chewing and swallowing
  • Stomach filling
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27
Q

Which type of food does the neurotransmitter epinephrine stimulate desire for?

A

–carbohydrates

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28
Q

Which type of food does the neurotransmitter Galanin stimulate desire for?

A

Fats

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29
Q

Which type of food does the neurotransmitter endorphons stimulate desire for?

A

Proteins

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30
Q

What is defined as obese?

A

weight more than 20% above recommended norm for one’s age, sex, and height

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31
Q

What is the optimal range for BMI?

A

20-25

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32
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

–BMI = W/H2 (W = weight in kg; H = height in meters)

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33
Q

Effects of obesity

A

increased risk of

  • atherosclerosis
  • hypertension
  • diabetes mellitus
  • joint pain,
  • kidney stones
  • gallstones
  • cancer of uterus, breast, and prostate
  • sleep apnea
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34
Q

How many calories is a kilocalorie?

A

1000

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35
Q

How many kcal do Carbs and proteins yield?

A

4 kcal

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36
Q

How many kcal do fats yield?

A

9kcal/g

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37
Q

What type of calories are sugar and alcohol?

A

‘empty’

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38
Q

What is One calorie?

A

amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 g of water 1°C

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39
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

any ingested chemical used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body

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40
Q

What are the six classes of nutrients?

A
  • Water
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
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41
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

nutrients that must be consumed in relatively large quantities

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42
Q

Which are the macronutrients?

A

Water, Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins

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43
Q

What are Micronutrients?

A
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44
Q

Which are the micronutrients?

A

Vitamins and minerals

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45
Q

What are Essential nutrients?

A

Nutrients that cannot be synthesized in body

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46
Q

How many grams of carbohydrates does a well nourished adult body have?

A

440g

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47
Q

How do sugars function in the body?

A

As structural components of molecules in the body

As fuel

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48
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

Deficiency of blood glucose

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49
Q

What is the Blood glucose concentration?

A

A carefully regulated interplay of insulin and glucagon

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50
Q

How does Carbohydrate intake influence the metabolism of other nutrients?

A

–Fats used as fuel when glucose and glycogen levels are low

–Excess carbohydrates are converted to fat

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51
Q

What are the three principle forms of dietary carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

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52
Q

Name the monosaccharides

A

–glucose, galactose, fructose

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53
Q

Name the Disaccharides

A

sucrose (table sugar), maltose, lactose

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54
Q

Name the Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)

A

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

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55
Q

What is the Glycemic index (GI)

A

effect of a dietary carbohydrate on blood glucose level

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56
Q

What is the effect of high-GI carbohydrates?

A

stimulate a high insulin demand and raise the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus

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57
Q

What are the two types of fiber?

A

Water soluble fiber

Water in-soluble fiber

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58
Q

Name the dietary fibers

A

Cellulose, pectin, gums, and lignins

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59
Q

•Well-nourished adult meets what percentage of resting energy needs from fat

A

80%-90%

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60
Q

Which are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,D,E,K

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61
Q

What are the other functions of lipids?

A

–Structural

–Chemical precursors

–Important protective and insulating functions

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62
Q

Which fats have structural functions?

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

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63
Q

Which fats are chemical precursors?

A
  • Cholesterol
  • Thromboplastin
  • Fatty acids
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64
Q

Main sources of dietary fats

A

Saturated fats

unsaturated fats

cholesterol

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65
Q

Why are lipids an important part of the diet?

A

–Must be transported to all cells of the body

–Are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in blood plasma

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66
Q

What is the function of Lipoprotein complexes?

A

transport lipids in plasma

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67
Q

What are the four categoreis of serum lipoproteins?

A
  • Chylomicrons: 75–1,200 nm in diameter
  • Very low–density lipoproteins (VLDLs): 30–80 nm
  • Low-density lipoproteins (LDL): 18–25 nm
  • High-density lipoproteins (HDL):
68
Q

Where does HDL production begin?

A

In the liver

69
Q

Name lipoprotein A

A

chylomicron

70
Q

Name lipoprotein B

A

Very low–density lipoprotein

71
Q

Name lipoprotein C

A

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

72
Q

Name lipoprotein D

A

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

73
Q

What is the optimum plasma cholesterol concentration?

A

less than 200mg/L

74
Q

What is considered pathalogical plasma cholesterol concentration?

A

240mg/L

75
Q

Should you have a higher HDL or LDL?

A

HDL

76
Q

What is are the functions of proteins in nutrition?

A

–Muscle contraction

–Motility of cilia and flagella

–Structural components

–Buffer pH of body fluids

–Contribute to resting membrane potential of all cells

77
Q

What happens if an excess of protein is consumed?

A

Can cause kidney damage with nitrogenous waste

78
Q

How many amino acids are essential (cannot be synthesized in the body)?

A

8

79
Q

What are Complete proteins?

A

high-quality dietary proteins that provide all essential amino acids in the necessary proportions

80
Q

what are Incomplete proteins?

A

lower quality proteins that lack one or more essential amino acids

81
Q

What is Net protein utilization?

A

the percentage of amino acids in a protein that the human body uses

82
Q

Is it considered to be healthier to eat more meat or plants?

A

Plants

83
Q

Name some sources of complete proteins

A

Animal proteins of meat, eggs, and dairy products

84
Q

Which are the incomplete proteins?

A

plant sources such as beans and rice

85
Q

What is the chief dietary source of nitrogen?

A

Protein

86
Q

What do we mean by Nitrogen balance?

A

rate of nitrogen ingested equals rate of nitrogen excreted

87
Q

What is Positive nitrogen balance?

A

Nitrogen ingestion exceeds its excretion

88
Q

What is Negative nitrogen balance?

A

Excretion exceeds ingestion

89
Q

What are Minerals?

A

inorganic elements that plants extract from soil or water and introduce into the food web

90
Q

What are Vitamins?

A

small dietary organic compounds that are necessary for metabolism

91
Q

What is the role of minerals and vitamins in nutrition?

A

Both are essential to our ability to use other nutrients

92
Q

Minerals constitute what percent of the body mass?

A

4%

93
Q

Which mineral is a Key structural component of phospholipids, ATP, cAMP, GTP, and creatine phosphate, and the Basis for the phosphate buffer system

A

–Phosphorus

94
Q

Which minerals function as cofactors for enzymes?

A

–Calcium, iron, magnesium, and manganese

95
Q

Which mineral is essential for the O2-carrying capacity of Hb and myoglobin

A

Iron

96
Q

Which mineral is a component of stomach acid?

A

chlorine

97
Q

Which are the best sources of minerals?

A

vegetables, legumes, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish,

98
Q

What are precursors to vitamins called?

A

provitamins

99
Q

What can an elevated salt intake cause?

A

Hypertension

100
Q

Which are the water soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins B and C

101
Q

How are Water-soluble vitamins ingested?

A

Absorbed with water in small intestine and quickly excreted by kidneys, not stored

102
Q

How are Fat-soluble vitamins ingested?

A

Incorporated into lipid micelles in the small intestine and absorbed with dietary lipids

103
Q

What is the function of vitamin A

A
  • Component of visual pigments
  • Promotes proteoglycan synthesis and epithelial maintenance
104
Q

What is the function of vitamin D

A

•Promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization

105
Q

What is the function of vitamin K

A

Essential for prothrombin synthesis and blood clotting

106
Q

What is the function of vitamins A and E

A

Antioxidants like ascorbic acid

107
Q

What is the function of vitamin C

A
  • Promotes Hb synthesis, collagen synthesis, and sound connective tissue structure
  • An antioxidant that scavenges free radicals and possibly reduces the risk of cancer
108
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B

A
  • Function as coenzymes
  • Assist enzymes
  • Make it possible for enzymes to catalyze
109
Q

What is the world’s most common vitamin deficiency

A

A

110
Q

What is the result of a vitamin A deficiency?

A

•night blindness; dry skin, hair, and conjunctiva; cloudy cornea; and increased incidence of infections

111
Q

What is Hypervitaminosis

A

excess of (fat-soluble) vitamin

112
Q

What is this the formula for?

A

Glucose catabolism

113
Q

What is glucose catabolism?

A

series of small steps, each controlled by a separate enzyme, in which energy is released in small manageable amounts, and as much as possible, is transferred to ATP and the rest is released as heat

114
Q

What are the three major pathways of glucose catabolism?

A

Glycolysis

Anaerobic fermentation

Aerobis respiration

115
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

Glucose (6 C) split into two pyruvic acid molecules (3 C)

116
Q

What is Anaerobic fermentation?

A
  • Occurs in the absence of O2
  • Reduces pyruvic acid to lactic acid
117
Q

What is Aerobic respiration?

A
  • Occurs in the presence of O2
  • Oxidizes pyruvic acid to CO2 and H2O
118
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. PYRUVATE OXIDATION and the CITRIC ACID CYCLE
  3. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
119
Q

Where and when does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm whether or not there is O2 present

120
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

•breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

121
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis?

A

–Energy investment phase

–Energy payoff phase

122
Q

What happens after peruvate is produced via glycolysis?

A

pyruvate must be converted to acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

123
Q

What must happen to peruvate before the citric acid cyle can begin?

A

pyruvate must be converted to acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

124
Q

What is another name for the citric acid cycle?

A

the Krebs cycle

125
Q

What happens during the Citric acid cycle?

A

it completes the break down of pyruvate to CO2 generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn

126
Q

What happens during During oxidative phosphorylation?

A

chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis

127
Q

Describe the pathway of electron transport

A
  • The electron transport chain is in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion
  • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons
  • Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2, forming H2O
128
Q

Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of..?

A

Oxygen

129
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A

Alcohol fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation

130
Q

What is the flow of energy in cellular respiration?

A

glucose → NADH → electron transport chain → proton-motive force → ATP

131
Q

What percentage of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making ~32 ATP?

A

34%

132
Q

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in which 2 steps?

A

–The 1st step releases CO2

–The 2nd step produces ethanol

133
Q

Human muscle cells use what type fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce

A

lactic acid

134
Q

Which step does lactic acid fermentation lack that is found in alcohol fermentation?

A

The release of CO2

135
Q

What type of fermentation is pictured?

A

Alcohol Fermentation

136
Q

what type of fermentation is pictured?

A

Lactic acid

137
Q

Cellular respiration produces how many ATP per glucose molecule?

A

32

138
Q

fermentation produces how many ATP per glucose molecule

A

2 ATP

139
Q

Name one similarity bewteen fermentation and Anaerobi/Aerobic respiration?

A

They all use glycolysis to oxidize glucose

140
Q

Name two anabolic synthesis reactions

A

Glycogenesis

Gluconeogenesis

141
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

The synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose

142
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as glycerol and amino acids

143
Q

Name two catabolic breakdown reactions

A

Glycolysis

Glycogenolysis

144
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

the splitting of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid in preperation for anaerobic fermentation or aerobic respiration

145
Q

Why is Glycogenolysis?

A

The hydrolysis of glycogen to release free glucose or glucose 1 phosphate

146
Q

Where are Triglycerides are stored?

A

in body’s adipocytes

147
Q

What is Lipogenesis?

A

synthesis of fat from other types of molecules

148
Q

What is Lipolysis?

A

breaking down fat for fuel

149
Q

What does Beta oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix do?

A

catabolizes the fatty acid components

150
Q

What are the three methods of amino acid conversion?

A
  • Deamination
  • Amination
  • Transamination
151
Q

How does Deamination convert amino acids

A

removal of an amino group (−NH2)

152
Q

How does Amination convert amino acids?

A

addition of −NH2

153
Q

What is Transamination?

A

transfer of −NH2 from one molecule to another

154
Q

what must happen to all amino acids before they can be used as fuel?

A

Must be deaminated

155
Q

What remains after an amino acid is deaminated?

A

Keto acid

156
Q

What is the urea cycle?

A

pathway by which liver combines ammonia with carbon dioxide to produce less toxic waste

157
Q

What is the Absorptive (fed) state

A

–About 4 hours during and after a meal

–Nutrients are being absorbed

–Nutrients may be used immediately to meet energy and other needs

158
Q

What is the Postabsorptive (fasting) state?

A

–Prevails in the late morning, late afternoon, and overnight

–Stomach and intestines are empty

–Body’s energy needs are met from stored fuels

159
Q

How is the Absoprtive state regulated?

A

by insulin secreted in response to elevated blood glucose and amino acid levels

intestinal hormones gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

160
Q

the postabsoptive state is especially critical for the

A

brain

161
Q

Regulation of the Postabsorptive State

A

•Regulated mainly by the sympathetic nervous system and glucagon

162
Q

What is the Metabolic rate?

A

the amount of energy liberated in the body in a given period of time (kcal/hr or kcal/day)

163
Q

how is metabolic rate calculated/measured?

A

–directly with a calorimeter

–indirectly with a spirometer

164
Q

What is the Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

–A baseline or standard of comparison

–Relaxed, awake, fasting, comfortable room temperature

A
165
Q

What is Total metabolic rate (TMR)?

A

the sum of the BMR and energy expenditures for voluntary activities

166
Q

what factors raise TMR?

A
  • Physical activity
  • pregnancy
  • anxiety
  • fever
  • eating
  • catecholamines and thyroid hormones
167
Q

What factors lower TMR?

A
  • Apathy
  • depression
  • prolonged starvation

Bio 151 (12 decks)

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