Ch 28

Question 1

antimalarial drugs

Answer 1

chloroquine Hcl (Aralen Hcl)

Question 2

malaria

Answer 2

caused by protozoan Plasmodium which is carried by infected mosquito’s
b. One of the most prevalent protozoan diseases
c. Protozoan parasite passes through two phases
(tissue, erythrocytic)
iii. Incubation period 10 to 35 days

Question 3

two protozoan malaria phases

Answer 3

i. Tissue phase: Invasion of body tissue>no clinical symptoms
ii. Erythrocytic phase: Invasion of the red blood cells>Chills, fever, sweating

Question 4

what does malaria tx depend on

Answer 4

iv. Treatment depends on type of Plasmodium, and organism’s life cycle

Question 5

3 methods to eradicate malaria

Answer 5

1. Prophylaxis
2. Treatment of acute attack
3. Prevention of relapse

Question 6

chloroquine Hcl (Aralen Hcl) PD, PT, CI

Answer 6

PD: increase pH in parasite > inhibit growth
PT: acute malaria, prophylaxis
CI: renal, psoriasis

Question 7

helminths

Answer 7

a. large organisms feeding on host tissue
b. Most common site for worm infestation: intestine
c. Other sites: Lymphatic system, Blood vessels, Liver.
v. Enter host via contaminated food, bites of carrier insects, direct penetration of the skin

Question 8

groups of helminths

Answer 8

i. Cestodes (tapeworms)
ii. Trematodes (flukes)
iii. Intestinal nematodes (round worms)
iv. Tissue-invading nematodes (tissue round worms and filriae)

Question 9

SE/adv rxn of antihelminthic drugs

Answer 9

i. Common: GI distress
ii. Neurologic problems: dizziness, weakness, headache, and drowsiness
iii. Adverse reactions do not occur frequently due to medication being given for short duration (1 to 3 days) with the exception of 1 medication

Question 10

when should thiabendazole not be given?

Answer 10

1. Thiabendazole should not be given to patients with liver disease

Question 11

peptides

Answer 11

a. Derived from cultures of Bacillus subtilis

b. Interferes with bacterial cell membrane function

Question 12

polymyxins

Answer 12

peptides

i. Early group of antibacterials, but were discontinued early on due to nephrotoxicity (Polymyxin B is approved for pharmaceutical use)
iii. Produce a bactericidal effect by interfering with the cell membrane of the bacterium > cell death
iv. Affect mostly gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella, and Shigella
v. IV not oral

Question 13

metronidazole(Flagyl) treat what? how?

Answer 13

impair DNA function of susceptible bacteria

c. treat various disorders associated with organisms in the GI tract: Intestinal amebiasis, Trichomoniasis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Anaerobic infections, Bacterial vaginosis, Perioperative prophylaxis in colorectal surgery
vii. Used with other agents to treat Helicobacter pylori

Question 14

chloroquine HCL adv, SE, DFL, NI

Answer 14

adv: ECG change, psychosis, blood probs, ototox
SE: photosens, hair discoloration, insomnia, GI, pruritis, visual, nervous
dfl: lemon juice will dec eff. inc eff of digoxin, dec absorption with antacid/lax. lab: elevates liver enzymes, dec RBC/hgb/hct
NI: assess hearing (CN VIII) frequently, avoid alcohol

Question 15

flagyl SE? high doses cause?

Answer 15

i. depression, irritability, weakness, and insomnia
ii. High doses: dark or reddish-brown urine
iii. Dry mouth, metallic or bitter taste, GI distress, paresthesias, nasal congestion, decreased libido, dysuria, incontinence, and ECG changes

Question 16

considerations when on flagyl?

Answer 16

e. Avoid alcohol and alcohol-containing medications for 48 hours after treatment
1. Can produce a disulfiram reaction: flushing, tachycardia, palpitations, dyspnea, sweating, slurred speech, n/v

Question 17

chloroquine hcl prec, adv

Answer 17

prec: alcoholism, liver, g-6-pd def, GI/neurologic probs, hematologic probs
adv: ekg change, hypotn, psych, seizures
- life threat: agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, ototox, cardio collapse