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Physical Science > Ch. 28 > Flashcards

Ch. 28 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

troposphere

A

a layer extending an average of 12 km above Earth’s surface

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2
Q

temperature inversion

A

occurs when air temperature increases with altitude and the air becomes stable

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3
Q

greenhouse effect

A

a natural process in which certain gases in the atmosphere warm a planet as they absorb and emit infrared radiation

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4
Q

How are the atmospheric layers divided?

A

Composition and temperature

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5
Q

What gas makes up the majority of the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen 78%

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6
Q

Which is the second most common gas in the atmosphere?

A

oxygen 21%

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7
Q

What is the remaining 1% of the atmosphere made up of?

A

trace gases (majority argon)

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8
Q

Within the troposphere does the temperature increase or decrease with altitude?

A

decreases

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9
Q

How many layers are in the atmosphere?

A

5

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10
Q

What are the names of the atmospheric layers closest to the surface then going up.

A

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere,

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11
Q

Which layer is the ozone found in?

A

stratosphere

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12
Q

Within the stratosphere, does temperature increase or decrease with altitude?`

A

Increase

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13
Q

Does the temperature increase or decrease in the mesosphere?

A

Lower mesosphere decreases

higher mesosphere increases

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14
Q

Do the thermosphere and exosphere impact weather?

A

no

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15
Q

Where does 100% of solar radiation come from?

A

sun

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16
Q

What percent of solar radiation is absorbed by Earth’s surface?

A

50%

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17
Q

What percent of solar radiation is reflected off of Earth’s surface?

A

5%

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18
Q

What percent of solar radiation is absorbed by particles in the atmosphere?

A

20%

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19
Q

What percentage of solar radiation is reflected by particles in the atmosphere?

A

25%

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20
Q

What are the three basic cloud shapes?

A

stratus, cumulus, and cirrus

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21
Q

Describe stratus clouds

A

layered, sheet-like clouds associated with rain

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22
Q

Describe cumulus clouds

A

puffy in shape and occur in fair weather

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23
Q

Describe cirrus clouds

A

wispy, high-altitude clouds

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24
Q

jet stream

A

a narrow band of fast-moving, high-altitude air

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25
Q

Coriolis effect

A

the apparent deflection of an object due to Earth’s rotation

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26
Q

weather fronts

A

zones where air masses interact

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27
Q

air mass

A

a large volume of air with uniform moisture and temperature throughout

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28
Q

how many jet streams are there in the world

A

4

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29
Q

How many pressure systems are there

A

2
Low-pressure system
High-pressure system

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30
Q

What is a low pressure system known as?

A

Low (L)

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31
Q

Which direction does a Low rotate?

A

Counterclockwise

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32
Q

What are some results of Low pressure systems

A

air rises clouds form and creates precipitation

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33
Q

What is a high pressure system known as?

A

High (H)

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34
Q

Which direction does a High rotate

A

Clockwise

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35
Q

What is the result of a high pressure system?

A

Air sinks and creates clear skies

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36
Q

What are the 4 weather fronts

A

cold, warm, stationary, occluded

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37
Q

How are cold fronts created?

A

cold air forces warm air in a fast and chaotic manner

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38
Q

How are cold fronts represented on a weather forecast?

A

blue triangles

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39
Q

How are warm fronts created?

A

Warm air rises gently above cold air

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40
Q

How are warm fronts represent on a weather format?

A

red semi-circles

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41
Q

How is a stationary front created?

A

Where cold and warm air mass meet and stay

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42
Q

How are stationary fronts represented on a weather forecast?

A

alternating red semi-circles (on top) and blue triangles (on bottom)

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43
Q

maritime climate

A

a climate that is strongly affected by an ocean

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44
Q

continental climate

A

a climate that is not directly affected by an ocean

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45
Q

sea breeze

A

a breeze that blows from over the water toward land in afternoon

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46
Q

What is climate?

A

long term average of weather conditions

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47
Q

What is weather?

A

day to day outside conditions

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48
Q

What are the 5 spheres that make up the earth’s system?

A

Atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere

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49
Q

What is the atmosphere?

A

The air around us

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50
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

everything organic

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51
Q

What is the hydrosphere?

A

liquid water

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52
Q

What is the cryosphere?

A

Frozenwater- snow, ice, glaciers

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53
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

Earth’s outermost layer

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54
Q

What is the primary factor that influences climate at any given location?

A

latitude

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55
Q

Where is solar radiation most intense on Earth’s surface?

A

equator

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56
Q

At what degrees do the sun rays hit the tropical zones?

A

90 degrees

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57
Q

At which degrees do the sun rays hit Earth in the temperate zones

A

45 degrees

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58
Q

At which angle do the sun’s rays hit the polar zones

A

30 degrees

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59
Q

Which zone is Lamar CO located in?

A

temperate

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60
Q

What factors determine climate?

A

Precipitation, mountains, water

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61
Q

What is the windward side conditions like?

A

cool and wet with lots of vegetation

62
Q

What are the conditions like on the leeward side?

A

warm and dry with little vegetation

63
Q

What is a land breeze?

A

wind blowing from land to sea

64
Q

Which climate zone and which type of vegetation does Lamar CO have?

A

warm and semi-arid and grassland

65
Q

How are occluded fronts created?

A

a fast moving cold front overtaking a slow warm front

66
Q

How are Occluded fronts represented on forecast?

A

triangles and semicircles together alternating

67
Q

Which hemisphere experiences summer?

A

The hemisphere tilted towards the sun

68
Q

What was the period called when most of Earth’s surface was covered in ice?

A

Ice Age

69
Q

How long ago did the world’s climate reach it’s current pattern?

A

3,000 years ago

70
Q

What are some factors that can cause climate change?

A

The tilt of Earth’s axis, the shape of the orbit, and the distance from the sun.

71
Q

How can humans change the atmosphere?

A

energy consumption, deforestation, and industrial and agricultural practice

72
Q

What is deforestation?

A

The clearing of large areas of forest land.

73
Q

global warming

A

an increase in the average temperature

74
Q

el nino

A

the warming of the pacific ocean off the coast of the western america that occurs every 3-5 years

75
Q

la nina

A

the opposite of el nino which occurs when tradewinds in the pacific are unusually strong

76
Q

Is earth a perfect sphere?

A

No. The diameter along the equator is longer than pole to pole

77
Q

What are two factors that affect gravitational strength?

A

masses and distance

78
Q

What does the magnetic field protect Earth from?

A

radiation from the sun

79
Q

Which hemisphere is the south magnetic field located in?

A

northern hemisphere

80
Q

At what degrees does Earth’s axis tilt?

A

11.7 degrees

81
Q

Can the magnetic poles change

A

yes

82
Q

What is the name of the large scale movements where magnetic poles switch?

A

magnetic reversals

83
Q

how often do magnetic reversals occur

A

every 200,000 years

84
Q

Which part of Earth’s magnetic field deflects harmful radiation from the sun

A

the magnetosphere

85
Q

What are the two scientific names for the southern and northern lights

A

N- aurora borealis

S- aurora australis

86
Q

How are the auroras created

A

electrically charged particles collide with atoms in the atmosphere and emit lights

87
Q

When is Earth closest to the sun?

A

January (147 km away)

88
Q

When is Earth farthest from the sun?

A

July (152 km away)

89
Q

time zone

A

an area 15 degrees wide in which the time is the same

90
Q

rotation

A

the spinning of Earth on its axis

91
Q

revolution

A

the motion of Earth in an elliptical orbit around the sun

92
Q

eliptic

A

the plane of Earth’s orbit around the sun

93
Q

solstice

A

occurs when Earth’s rotational axis is tilted directly toward the sun or away from the sun

94
Q

equinox

A

Earth’s rotational axis is perpendicular to a line drawn from the center of Earth to the center of the sun

95
Q

Who devised a method of timekeeping around 3000 B.C.?

A

babylonians

96
Q

What was the symbol for degree taken for?

A

the sun

97
Q

How many degrees does the earth spin in one day?

A

360 degrees

98
Q

How many hours does it take the earth to make one full rotation?

A

24 hours

99
Q

How many degrees does the earth spin in one hour?

A

15 degrees

100
Q

What direction does the sun rise?

A

East

101
Q

What direction does the sun set?

A

West

102
Q

True or False. All time zones are the exact same size.

A

False

103
Q

How many time zones are there in the world?

A

24

104
Q

What direction do you move to add hours at a time?

A

east

105
Q

Which direction do you move to subtract hours from the time?

A

west

106
Q

How many time zones are there in the United States?

A

6

107
Q

What are the names of the time zones?

A

Pacific, Mountain, Central, Eastern, Hawaiian, Atlantic (Alaskan)

108
Q

What is a solar day?

A

the movement of Sun from noon one day til noon the next day

109
Q

What is a sidereal day?

A

the time required for the Earth to rotate once relative to the background of the stars

110
Q

What are the two main reasons for seasons?

A

The revolution and the tilt of the axis

111
Q

Which 2 seasons have a solstice?

A

summer and winter

112
Q

Which month is the summer solstice?

A

June

113
Q

Which two seasons are equinoxes?

A

spring and fall

114
Q

Which month is the spring equinox?

A

March 20 or 21

115
Q

Which month is the fall equinox?

A

September 22

116
Q

When is the longest day of the year?

A

Summer solstice june 21

117
Q

When is the shortest day of the year?

A

winter solstice December 21

118
Q

When are the days almost 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night?

A

equinoxes March 21 and December 21

119
Q

tide

A

a rise or fall in the ocean surface

120
Q

moon phase

A

reflects the change in appearance of the Moon as seen from Earth

121
Q

solar eclipse

A

occurs when the Moon moves directly between the sun and Earth and casts a shadow on Earth

122
Q

Lunar eclipse

A

occurs when Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon and casts a shadow on the moon

123
Q

Maria

A

dark-colored flat lava-filled regions on the Moon’s surface

124
Q

Regolith

A

a layer of dusty lunar material produced by collisions between asteroids and comets and the moon

125
Q

How many days does it take the moon to revolve around the earth?

A

27.3 days

126
Q

A complete lunar phase cycle takes 29.5 days, what is this called?

A

synodic month

127
Q

Do we ever see the back side of the moon?

A

no

128
Q

What causes a tide to rise or fall?

A

gravitational pull from the sun and the moon

129
Q

What is the rise of sea level called?

A

high tide

130
Q

After the sea level rises how many hours does it take for the sea level to drop?

A

6 hours

131
Q

Which is farther from the earth, the sun, or the moon?

A

sun

132
Q

Does the moon or sun cause a greater effect on Earth’s tides?

A

moon

133
Q

How are the sun, the earth, and the moon aligned for a spring tide?

A

straight line ( S, E, M)

134
Q

How are the sun, the earth, and the moon aligned for a neap tide?

A

90 degree angle (S, E up M)

135
Q

What does the phase of the moon you see depend on?

A

depends on how the sun , earth , and moon are relative to each other

136
Q

When does a new moon occur?

A

When the moon is between the sun and Earth

137
Q

How many phases of the moon are there?

A

8 phases

138
Q

What is the definition of waxing phases?

A

the illuminated portion of the moon gets larger

139
Q

What is the definition of waning phases?

A

the illuminated portion of the moon gets smaller

140
Q

What are the moon phase names?

A

new moon, waxing crescent, 1st quarter, waxing gibbous, full, waning gibbous, 3rd quarter, waning crescent

141
Q

Where is the word month derived?

A

moon

142
Q

How is the earth, moon, and sun aligned during a lunar eclipse?

A

Sun Earth Moon

143
Q

How is the earth, moon, and sun aligned during a solar eclipse?

A

Sun Moon Earth

144
Q

What is an umbra?

A

the darkest portion of the Moon’s shadow

145
Q

What is a penumbra?

A

Lightest part of the Earth’s shadow

146
Q

How are the depressions on the moon formed?

A

by meteorites,asteroids, and comets that strike surfaces

147
Q

Are there mountains on the moon?

A

yes

148
Q

Which side of the moon is thicker?

A

far side (dark side)

149
Q

Is the mantle of the moon a solid or liquid?

A

solid

150
Q

What did the Clementine spacecraft do? (two things)

A
  1. confirmed that the crust on the back side of the moon is thicker
  2. provided info on the mineral content
151
Q

What did the Lunar Prospector do? (3 things)

A

took photographs of the moon surface
confirmed the moon has a small iron rich core
collected evidence that supports the water-ice ratio on the moon

152
Q

What is the Giant Impact Theory?

A

Where a Mars sized object collided with Earth sending debris into orbit. The debris condensed forming a large mass also known as the moon.

Physical Science (5 decks)

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