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Physical Science > Ch. 27 > Flashcards

Ch. 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

The process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface.

A

Weathering

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2
Q

A mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air.

A

Soil

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3
Q

The removal of surface material through the process of weathering.

A

Erosion

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4
Q

A process in which as rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity moved eroded materials from one place to another.

A

sediment transport

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5
Q

A process in which the erosional agents slow down or melts, it drops a sediment load.

A

deposition

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6
Q

The land area that gathers water for a major river

A

drainage basin

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7
Q

The movement of water parallel to the shoreline

A

longshore current

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same time?

A

No, at different rates

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock type and landscape

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10
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

mechanical and chemical weathering

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11
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

physical and chemical changes

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12
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

chemical

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13
Q

What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

Frost weathering, biological activity, collisions

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14
Q

What causes frost wedges?

A

When water collects in rocks and freezes

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15
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

freeze-thaw cycle

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16
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

plants and animals

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17
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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18
Q

What is parent material?

A
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19
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by?

A

oxygen and water

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20
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?

A

oxidation

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21
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?

A

hydrolysis

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22
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

different layers of soil

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23
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

6

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24
Q

All soils contain every soil horizon. (T or F)

A

false

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25
Q

What are the specific soil horizons?

A

O, A ,E, B, C, R

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26
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain?

A

O- Organic material

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27
Q

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

A- mostly minerals

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28
Q

Which layer does leaching occur?

A

E

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29
Q

Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

A

B

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30
Q

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

A

C

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31
Q

Which layer is unweathered bedrock?

A

R

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32
Q

Which soil horizons make up the topsoil?

A

O and A

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33
Q

Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

A

E and B

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34
Q

Which soil horizons make up the true soil?

A
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35
Q

What is the difference in weathering and erosion?

A

Weathering- breakdown of materials

Erosion- removal of surface material

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36
Q

If the slope of a river decreases, what happens to the speed of a river?

A

The river’s speed decreases

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37
Q

Small streams that slow into larger rivers are called ______?

A

tributaries

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38
Q

Land area that gathers water for a major river is called a _____ _____?

A

drainage basin

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39
Q

A boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called a _______ _______.

A

drainage divide

40
Q

As water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth’s surface creating ______.

A

Channels

41
Q

Young rivers are _______ due to the fast movement

A

V-shaped

42
Q

________ rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes.

A

Mature

43
Q

When rivers flood and drop their sediment load, which type of landform is created?

A

flood plains

44
Q

What is a fan-shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of the river?

A

Deltas

45
Q

What are the two types of glaciers?

A

Valley Glaciers and Continental Glaciers

46
Q

Where do valley glaciers form?

A

In high, mountainous regions

47
Q

Where do continental glaciers form?

A

Colder climates and occupy large land areas

48
Q

Where are the two continental glaciers located?

A

One in Greenland and one in Antartica

49
Q

What is a cirque?

A

a bowl shaped basin

50
Q

What is an arete?

A

A long sharp ridgeline between two tributary glaciers

51
Q

What is a horn in a mountainous region?

A

sharpened peaks

52
Q

What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?

A

U-shaped valleys

53
Q

What are tributary glaciers?

A

Small glaciers that feed into large glaceriers

54
Q

What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?

A

Hanging valleys

55
Q

Which side of a sand dune does erosion occur?

A

Windward side

56
Q

Which side of a sand dune does deposition occur?

A

Leeway side

57
Q

What is the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind

A

deflation

58
Q

The remaining surface when small particles are removed

A

desert pavement

59
Q

The shape and size of landforms due to wind depend on what?

A

Wind speed, amount of time wind blows, and sediment supply

60
Q

What are three landforms that are created due to wave erosion?

A

coastal cliffs, sea arches, and sea stacks

61
Q

What are two landforms that are created by wave deposition

A

Sand bars and sand spits

62
Q

what is a sandbar

A

landforms that are parallel to the shoreline

63
Q

what is a sand spit

A

sandbars that extend into the water and curve back toward land connecting in a hook shape

64
Q

What can cause mass wasting?

A

snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, or human activity

65
Q

What are some examples of mass wasting?

A

rock slides, mudflows, and landslides

66
Q

The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

A

Infiltration

67
Q

The upper boundary of the saturated zone

A

Water Table

68
Q

A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

A

Aquifer

69
Q

The percentage of the material’s total volume of pore space

A

Porosity

70
Q

The process of assigning and exact numerical age to an organism

A

Absolute Dating

71
Q

the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time

A

Relative Dating

72
Q

The laws of nature operate today as they have in the past

A

Uniformitarianism

73
Q

in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and they oldest at the bottom

A

Principle of Superposition

74
Q

gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent

A

Unconformity

75
Q

The remains or traces of organisms found in the geological rock records

A

Fossil

76
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is salt water?

A

97%

77
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?

A

3%

78
Q

Where is the majority of freshwater found?

A

2% is found in glaciers

79
Q

Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?

A

1% is found in lakes, rivers, and stored in groundwater

80
Q

What is precipitation?

A

When water vapor in the air cools and condenses to form liquid water or ice crystals (rain, snow, sleet, and hail)

81
Q

What is runoff?

A

Water running off the land surface

82
Q

What is infiltration?

A

The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

83
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

84
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

85
Q

What is condensation?

A

When water vapor collides with other water molecules to form water droplets eventually the water droplets are heavy enough to fall as precipitation

86
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

Where water starts on the land, goes into the atmosphere, and returns back to land

87
Q

What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

A porous area where water easily passes through

88
Q

What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

Beneath the unsaturated zone where water completely fills the pore space

89
Q

What is a water table?

A

The upper boundary of the saturated zone

90
Q

What does it mean if sediment is permeable?

A

The more permeable the easier water can infiltrate through the ground

91
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

92
Q

What is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer?

A

Ogallala Aquifer

93
Q

How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?

A

8 states

94
Q

What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through?

A

South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas

95
Q

What is the aquitard?

A

Physical Science (5 decks)

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