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Physical Science > Ch. 27 > Flashcards

Ch. 27 Flashcards

1
Q

The process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface.

A

Weathering

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2
Q

A mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air.

A

Soil

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3
Q

The removal of surface material through the process of weathering.

A

Erosion

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4
Q

A process in which as rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity moved eroded materials from one place to another.

A

sediment transport

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5
Q

A process in which the erosional agents slow down or melts, it drops a sediment load.

A

deposition

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6
Q

The land area that gathers water for a major river

A

drainage basin

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7
Q

The movement of water parallel to the shoreline

A

longshore current

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same time?

A

No, at different rates

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock type and landscape

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10
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

mechanical and chemical weathering

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11
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

physical and chemical changes

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12
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

chemical

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13
Q

What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

Frost weathering, biological activity, collisions

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14
Q

What causes frost wedges?

A

When water collects in rocks and freezes

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15
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

freeze-thaw cycle

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16
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

plants and animals

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17
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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18
Q

What is parent material?

A
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19
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by?

A

oxygen and water

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20
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?

A

oxidation

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21
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?

A

hydrolysis

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22
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

different layers of soil

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23
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

6

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24
Q

All soils contain every soil horizon. (T or F)

A

false

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25
What are the specific soil horizons?
O, A ,E, B, C, R
26
What does the first soil horizon contain?
O- Organic material
27
What is the second horizon mostly made up of?
A- mostly minerals
28
Which layer does leaching occur?
E
29
Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?
B
30
Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?
C
31
Which layer is unweathered bedrock?
R
32
Which soil horizons make up the topsoil?
O and A
33
Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?
E and B
34
Which soil horizons make up the true soil?
35
What is the difference in weathering and erosion?
Weathering- breakdown of materials | Erosion- removal of surface material
36
If the slope of a river decreases, what happens to the speed of a river?
The river's speed decreases
37
Small streams that slow into larger rivers are called ______?
tributaries
38
Land area that gathers water for a major river is called a _____ _____?
drainage basin
39
A boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called a _______ _______.
drainage divide
40
As water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth's surface creating ______.
Channels
41
Young rivers are _______ due to the fast movement
V-shaped
42
________ rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes.
Mature
43
When rivers flood and drop their sediment load, which type of landform is created?
flood plains
44
What is a fan-shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of the river?
Deltas
45
What are the two types of glaciers?
Valley Glaciers and Continental Glaciers
46
Where do valley glaciers form?
In high, mountainous regions
47
Where do continental glaciers form?
Colder climates and occupy large land areas
48
Where are the two continental glaciers located?
One in Greenland and one in Antartica
49
What is a cirque?
a bowl shaped basin
50
What is an arete?
A long sharp ridgeline between two tributary glaciers
51
What is a horn in a mountainous region?
sharpened peaks
52
What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?
U-shaped valleys
53
What are tributary glaciers?
Small glaciers that feed into large glaceriers
54
What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?
Hanging valleys
55
Which side of a sand dune does erosion occur?
Windward side
56
Which side of a sand dune does deposition occur?
Leeway side
57
What is the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind
deflation
58
The remaining surface when small particles are removed
desert pavement
59
The shape and size of landforms due to wind depend on what?
Wind speed, amount of time wind blows, and sediment supply
60
What are three landforms that are created due to wave erosion?
coastal cliffs, sea arches, and sea stacks
61
What are two landforms that are created by wave deposition
Sand bars and sand spits
62
what is a sandbar
landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
63
what is a sand spit
sandbars that extend into the water and curve back toward land connecting in a hook shape
64
What can cause mass wasting?
snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, or human activity
65
What are some examples of mass wasting?
rock slides, mudflows, and landslides
66
The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
Infiltration
67
The upper boundary of the saturated zone
Water Table
68
A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
Aquifer
69
The percentage of the material's total volume of pore space
Porosity
70
The process of assigning and exact numerical age to an organism
Absolute Dating
71
the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time
Relative Dating
72
The laws of nature operate today as they have in the past
Uniformitarianism
73
in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and they oldest at the bottom
Principle of Superposition
74
gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent
Unconformity
75
The remains or traces of organisms found in the geological rock records
Fossil
76
What percentage of water on Earth is salt water?
97%
77
What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?
3%
78
Where is the majority of freshwater found?
2% is found in glaciers
79
Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?
1% is found in lakes, rivers, and stored in groundwater
80
What is precipitation?
When water vapor in the air cools and condenses to form liquid water or ice crystals (rain, snow, sleet, and hail)
81
What is runoff?
Water running off the land surface
82
What is infiltration?
The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
83
What is transpiration?
When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves
84
What is evaporation?
When water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
85
What is condensation?
When water vapor collides with other water molecules to form water droplets eventually the water droplets are heavy enough to fall as precipitation
86
What is the water cycle?
Where water starts on the land, goes into the atmosphere, and returns back to land
87
What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?
A porous area where water easily passes through
88
What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?
Beneath the unsaturated zone where water completely fills the pore space
89
What is a water table?
The upper boundary of the saturated zone
90
What does it mean if sediment is permeable?
The more permeable the easier water can infiltrate through the ground
91
What is an aquifer?
a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
92
What is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer?
Ogallala Aquifer
93
How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?
8 states
94
What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through?
South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas
95
What is the aquitard?

Physical Science (5 decks)

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