Ch. 26 Flashcards
Naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form.
Mineral
The color of a mineral in powdered form.
Streak
Minerals that break unevenly.
fracture
When a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel lines.
cleavage
The physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching.
hardness
Molten rock material inside Earth.
Magma
A mineral is _____, _______, _______.
Naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a crystalline form.
What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust?
oxygen and silicon
What does inorganic mean?
Minerals are materials that are not living.
What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?
Reflects the way a mineral breaks, how hard it is, and what type of crystal shape it is.
What are all the ways to identify minerals?
Luster, streak, fracture, cleavage, hardness, atomic arrangement and crystal shape.
What are the two types of luster?
nonmetallic and metallic
How does metallic luster reflect light.
Very easily like a metal reflects light.
How does nonmetallic luster reflect light?
Not as good like glass.
How do you preform a streak test?
Rubbing a mineral on an unglazed, white porcelain tile.
What are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?
Fracture or Cleavage
What is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?
Mohs Scale of Hardness
What is the number range on Mohs Scale of Hardness?
1-10
How many different crystal shape systems are there?
6
Minerals grow from the ______.
atoms added to its surfaces, edges, or corners
What are three ways minerals can form?
Hot water, molten rock, and evaporation.
What are the two mineral groups?
silicates and non silicates
Which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?
silicate minerals
What elements are silicates made up of?
Quartz and Feldspar
Nonsilicates do not contain what element?
Do not contain silicate
What mineral is used to make glass?
Quartz
Define rock
A naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass.
How are rocks identified?
Their composition and texture
What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?
The size, shape, and arrangement of the rock’s components
Where do intrusive igneous rocks form from?
Within Earth’s crust
What type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from.
igneous rocks
What is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals?
magma composition
What are the 3 types of magma?
matic, intermediate, and felsic
Which magma type has a low silica content?
Mafic
Which magma has high silica content?
Felsic
Which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz?
continental crust
Which type of crust has little to no quartz?
deep locations in continental crust or oceanic crust
Which type of igneous rock has a coarse-grained texture?
Intrusive igneous rocks
Which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?
extrusive igneous rocks
Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?
Quickly
What are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock?
scoria and pumice
Which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?
Fine-grained
Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of
different cooling rates?
porphyritic
What type of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture?
pumice
Define clasts
small rock and mineral fragments
What types of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?
water, wind, and other forces
What does it mean if clasts are being transported?
they are getting moved to new locations
What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?
they’re getting dropped off
Define pore space
the empty space between grains
Define compaction
when clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material
Define cementation
When minerals precipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallize in the spaces between clasts
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
clasts get compressed, then water flows through them, and finally cementation happens
What is another name for clasts?
detritus
What are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?
detrital sedimentary rock
Which clast size would be deposited first?
gravel
What are 4 common detrital sedimentary rocks?
gravel, sand, silt, and clay
How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?
formed when water contains dissolved solids
If sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?
biochemical sedimentary rocks
What are 2 common biochemical sedimentary rocks?
limestone and coal
What are the 3 types of sedimentary rock?
detrital, chemical, and biochemical
Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things?
Heat, pressure, and chemical reactions
Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism?
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?
regional metamorphism
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small areas?
contact metamorphism
What shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?
slate
What are the two types of metamorphic rock textures?
Foliated or nonfoliated
Define foliated texture
crystals are arranged in layers and bands
Define nonfoliated texture
crystals are randomly placed
Metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things.
Texture and composition
Define rock cycle
Continual changing from one type to another
Which types of rocks are part if the rock cycle?
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
What are the 3 types of rocks?
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
Which type of rocks form from molten rock?
igneous
Which types of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter?
sedimentary
Which types of rocks are formed form heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?
metamorphic
What can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?
minerals
