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Physical Science > Ch. 26 > Flashcards

Ch. 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

Naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form.

A

Mineral

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2
Q

The color of a mineral in powdered form.

A

Streak

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3
Q

Minerals that break unevenly.

A

fracture

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4
Q

When a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel lines.

A

cleavage

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5
Q

The physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching.

A

hardness

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6
Q

Molten rock material inside Earth.

A

Magma

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7
Q

A mineral is _____, _______, _______.

A

Naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a crystalline form.

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8
Q

What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust?

A

oxygen and silicon

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9
Q

What does inorganic mean?

A

Minerals are materials that are not living.

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10
Q

What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?

A

Reflects the way a mineral breaks, how hard it is, and what type of crystal shape it is.

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11
Q

What are all the ways to identify minerals?

A

Luster, streak, fracture, cleavage, hardness, atomic arrangement and crystal shape.

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12
Q

What are the two types of luster?

A

nonmetallic and metallic

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13
Q

How does metallic luster reflect light.

A

Very easily like a metal reflects light.

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14
Q

How does nonmetallic luster reflect light?

A

Not as good like glass.

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15
Q

How do you preform a streak test?

A

Rubbing a mineral on an unglazed, white porcelain tile.

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16
Q

What are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?

A

Fracture or Cleavage

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17
Q

What is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?

A

Mohs Scale of Hardness

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18
Q

What is the number range on Mohs Scale of Hardness?

A

1-10

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19
Q

How many different crystal shape systems are there?

A

6

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20
Q

Minerals grow from the ______.

A

atoms added to its surfaces, edges, or corners

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21
Q

What are three ways minerals can form?

A

Hot water, molten rock, and evaporation.

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22
Q

What are the two mineral groups?

A

silicates and non silicates

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23
Q

Which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?

A

silicate minerals

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24
Q

What elements are silicates made up of?

A

Quartz and Feldspar

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25
Q

Nonsilicates do not contain what element?

A

Do not contain silicate

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26
Q

What mineral is used to make glass?

A

Quartz

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27
Q

Define rock

A

A naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass.

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28
Q

How are rocks identified?

A

Their composition and texture

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29
Q

What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?

A

The size, shape, and arrangement of the rock’s components

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30
Q

Where do intrusive igneous rocks form from?

A

Within Earth’s crust

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31
Q

What type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from.

A

igneous rocks

32
Q

What is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals?

A

magma composition

33
Q

What are the 3 types of magma?

A

matic, intermediate, and felsic

34
Q

Which magma type has a low silica content?

A

Mafic

35
Q

Which magma has high silica content?

A

Felsic

36
Q

Which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz?

A

continental crust

37
Q

Which type of crust has little to no quartz?

A

deep locations in continental crust or oceanic crust

38
Q

Which type of igneous rock has a coarse-grained texture?

A

Intrusive igneous rocks

39
Q

Which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?

A

extrusive igneous rocks

40
Q

Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?

A

Quickly

41
Q

What are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock?

A

scoria and pumice

42
Q

Which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?

A

Fine-grained

43
Q

Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of
different cooling rates?

A

porphyritic

44
Q

What type of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture?

A

pumice

45
Q

Define clasts

A

small rock and mineral fragments

46
Q

What types of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?

A

water, wind, and other forces

47
Q

What does it mean if clasts are being transported?

A

they are getting moved to new locations

48
Q

What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?

A

they’re getting dropped off

49
Q

Define pore space

A

the empty space between grains

50
Q

Define compaction

A

when clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material

51
Q

Define cementation

A

When minerals precipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallize in the spaces between clasts

52
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

clasts get compressed, then water flows through them, and finally cementation happens

53
Q

What is another name for clasts?

A

detritus

54
Q

What are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?

A

detrital sedimentary rock

55
Q

Which clast size would be deposited first?

A

gravel

56
Q

What are 4 common detrital sedimentary rocks?

A

gravel, sand, silt, and clay

57
Q

How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?

A

formed when water contains dissolved solids

58
Q

If sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?

A

biochemical sedimentary rocks

59
Q

What are 2 common biochemical sedimentary rocks?

A

limestone and coal

60
Q

What are the 3 types of sedimentary rock?

A

detrital, chemical, and biochemical

61
Q

Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things?

A

Heat, pressure, and chemical reactions

62
Q

Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism?

A

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

63
Q

What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?

A

regional metamorphism

64
Q

What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small areas?

A

contact metamorphism

65
Q

What shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?

A

slate

66
Q

What are the two types of metamorphic rock textures?

A

Foliated or nonfoliated

67
Q

Define foliated texture

A

crystals are arranged in layers and bands

68
Q

Define nonfoliated texture

A

crystals are randomly placed

69
Q

Metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things.

A

Texture and composition

70
Q

Define rock cycle

A

Continual changing from one type to another

71
Q

Which types of rocks are part if the rock cycle?

A

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

72
Q

What are the 3 types of rocks?

A

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

73
Q

Which type of rocks form from molten rock?

A

igneous

74
Q

Which types of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter?

A

sedimentary

75
Q

Which types of rocks are formed form heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?

A

metamorphic

76
Q

What can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?

A

minerals

Physical Science (5 decks)

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