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physical science > ch 27 > Flashcards

ch 27 Flashcards

1
Q

27.1

A
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2
Q

weathering

A

the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earths surface

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3
Q

soil

A

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

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4
Q

what is weathering

A

breakdown material on earths surface

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5
Q

do rocks weather at the same rate

A

no they do not

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6
Q

what are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather

A

rock type and landscape

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7
Q

what are the two types of weathering

A

mechanical weathering and chemical weathering

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8
Q

what type of change happens with mechanical weathering

A

physical

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9
Q

what type of change happens with chemical weathering

A

chemical changes

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10
Q

what are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering

A

frost wedging biological activity collisions

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11
Q

what causes frost wedging

A

water getting between cracks of rock and freezing

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12
Q

what is the cycle called during frost wedging

A

freeze-thaw cycles

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13
Q

what causes biological activity

A

plant and animal activity, burrowing or growing

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14
Q

what causes weathering during collisions

A

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent

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15
Q

what is soil

A

mixture of rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting life

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16
Q

what is parent material

A
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17
Q

what are soil horizons

A

different layers of soil

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18
Q

how many soil horizons are there

A

6

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19
Q

t or f. all soils contain every soil horizon

A

false

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20
Q

what are the specific soil horizons

A

o, a, e, b, c, r

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21
Q

what does the first soil horizon contain

A

organic material

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22
Q

what is the second horizon mostly made up of

A

mostly minerals

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23
Q

which layer does leaching occur

A

e horizon

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24
Q

which horizon collects materials from previous horizons

A

b

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25
which layer is partially weathered bedroick
c
26
which la
r
27
which soil horizons make up the top soil
o, a
28
which soil horizons make up the subsoil
e, b
29
which horizons make up the true soil
o, a e b
30
27.2
31
erosion
the removal of surface material through the process of weathering
32
sediment transport
rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another
33
deposition
the erosional agent slows down or melts, it drops this sediment load
34
drainage basin
land area that gathers water for a major river
35
longshore current
movement of water parallel to the shoreline
36
what is the difference between weathering and erosion?
weathering- breakdown of material | erosion- removal of material
37
as the slope of a river decreases, the river's speed
decreases
38
what are small streams that flow into larger rivers
tributaries
39
the land area that gathers water for a major river is called
drainage basin
40
a boundary that separates distinct drainage basins
drainage divide
41
eroded surfaces that are created
channels
42
what shape do young rivers create in earths surface
v-shaped
43
rivers that are wide with smooth and gentle slopes
mature
44
when rivers flood and drop their sediment load which type of landform is created
flood plains
45
what are fan-shaped sediment deposit that will form at the mouth of a rover
deltas
46
what are the branching channels that are created by deltas
distributaries
47
what is it called where the mouth of a river or strwam infers dry lands
alluvial fans
48
what are the two types of glaciers
valley and continental
49
where can both be found
valley- high mountains | continental- cold climates
50
where are the two continental glaciers located
Greenland and Antarctica
51
what is a cirque
bowl shaped basins
52
what is an arete
a form where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long, sharp ridgeline
53
what is a horn
sharpened peaks
54
what do tributary glaciers create
hanging valleys
55
what are tributary glaciers
small glaciers that feed into the large glaciers
56
what shape do valley glaciers do valley glaciers make
u-shaped valleys
57
what side of a dune does Erosion occur?
windward
58
which side does deposition occur
leeward
59
what is deflation
the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind
60
what is the remaining surface when small particles are removed
desert pavement
61
what does the shape and sizes of landforms depend on
wind speed amount of time the wind blows sediment supply
62
what three landforms created by wave erosion
coastal cliffs sea arches sea stacks
63
what are two examples of wave deposition
sand bars and sand spits
64
what are sand bars
landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
65
what are sand spits
extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape
66
what is mass wasting caused by
snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, or human activity
67
what are some examples of mass wasting
rock slides mud flows landslides
68
27.3
69
infiltration
the process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
70
water table
upper boundary of the saturated zone
71
aquifer
rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
72
porosity
the percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space
73
27.4
74
absolute dating
process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or an event
75
relative dating
process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time
76
uniformitarianism
states that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past
77
principle of superposition
states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom
78
unconformities
gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent
79
fossils
remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record
80
27.3
81
what percentage of water on Earth is salt water
97%
82
what percentage of water on Earth is freshwater
3%
83
where is the majority of freshwater found
the majority of freshwater is found in glaciers
84
where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found
the smaller percent of freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, and stored as ground water
85
what is precipitation
forms are rain, snow, sleet, and hail
86
what is run off
water running off the land surface
87
what is infiltration
when water enters earth and becomes ground water
88
what is transpiration
plants release water vapor into the atmosphere
89
what is evaporation
water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
90
what is condensation
water vapor collides with other water vapor to molecules to form water droplets
91
what is the water cycle
where fresh water moves from land to atmosphere then back to land
92
what is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage
a porous area where water easily passes through
93
what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage
beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fillsthe pore space
94
what is a water table
the upper boundary of the saturated zone
95
what does it mean if sediment is permeable
the material is the easier water can infiltrate through the ground
96
what is an aquifer
a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
97
what is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer
Ogallala Aquifer
98
how many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through
8 states
99
what are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through
South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas
100
what is an aquitard
keeps water confined
101
How are water springs formed
where the water table naturally meets Earths surface
102
what is an artesian well
drill into pressurized aquifers
103
what is a cone of depression
where the water flows is directed down toward the well

physical science (6 decks)

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