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physical science > ch 27 > Flashcards

ch 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

27.1

A
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2
Q

weathering

A

the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earths surface

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3
Q

soil

A

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

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4
Q

what is weathering

A

breakdown material on earths surface

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5
Q

do rocks weather at the same rate

A

no they do not

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6
Q

what are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather

A

rock type and landscape

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7
Q

what are the two types of weathering

A

mechanical weathering and chemical weathering

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8
Q

what type of change happens with mechanical weathering

A

physical

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9
Q

what type of change happens with chemical weathering

A

chemical changes

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10
Q

what are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering

A

frost wedging biological activity collisions

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11
Q

what causes frost wedging

A

water getting between cracks of rock and freezing

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12
Q

what is the cycle called during frost wedging

A

freeze-thaw cycles

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13
Q

what causes biological activity

A

plant and animal activity, burrowing or growing

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14
Q

what causes weathering during collisions

A

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent

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15
Q

what is soil

A

mixture of rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting life

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16
Q

what is parent material

A
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17
Q

what are soil horizons

A

different layers of soil

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18
Q

how many soil horizons are there

A

6

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19
Q

t or f. all soils contain every soil horizon

A

false

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20
Q

what are the specific soil horizons

A

o, a, e, b, c, r

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21
Q

what does the first soil horizon contain

A

organic material

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22
Q

what is the second horizon mostly made up of

A

mostly minerals

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23
Q

which layer does leaching occur

A

e horizon

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24
Q

which horizon collects materials from previous horizons

A

b

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25
Q

which layer is partially weathered bedroick

A

c

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26
Q

which la

A

r

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27
Q

which soil horizons make up the top soil

A

o, a

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28
Q

which soil horizons make up the subsoil

A

e, b

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29
Q

which horizons make up the true soil

A

o, a e b

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30
Q

27.2

A
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31
Q

erosion

A

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

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32
Q

sediment transport

A

rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another

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33
Q

deposition

A

the erosional agent slows down or melts, it drops this sediment load

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34
Q

drainage basin

A

land area that gathers water for a major river

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35
Q

longshore current

A

movement of water parallel to the shoreline

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36
Q

what is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

weathering- breakdown of material

erosion- removal of material

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37
Q

as the slope of a river decreases, the river’s speed

A

decreases

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38
Q

what are small streams that flow into larger rivers

A

tributaries

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39
Q

the land area that gathers water for a major river is called

A

drainage basin

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40
Q

a boundary that separates distinct drainage basins

A

drainage divide

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41
Q

eroded surfaces that are created

A

channels

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42
Q

what shape do young rivers create in earths surface

A

v-shaped

43
Q

rivers that are wide with smooth and gentle slopes

A

mature

44
Q

when rivers flood and drop their sediment load which type of landform is created

A

flood plains

45
Q

what are fan-shaped sediment deposit that will form at the mouth of a rover

A

deltas

46
Q

what are the branching channels that are created by deltas

A

distributaries

47
Q

what is it called where the mouth of a river or strwam infers dry lands

A

alluvial fans

48
Q

what are the two types of glaciers

A

valley and continental

49
Q

where can both be found

A

valley- high mountains

continental- cold climates

50
Q

where are the two continental glaciers located

A

Greenland and Antarctica

51
Q

what is a cirque

A

bowl shaped basins

52
Q

what is an arete

A

a form where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long, sharp ridgeline

53
Q

what is a horn

A

sharpened peaks

54
Q

what do tributary glaciers create

A

hanging valleys

55
Q

what are tributary glaciers

A

small glaciers that feed into the large glaciers

56
Q

what shape do valley glaciers do valley glaciers make

A

u-shaped valleys

57
Q

what side of a dune does Erosion occur?

A

windward

58
Q

which side does deposition occur

A

leeward

59
Q

what is deflation

A

the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind

60
Q

what is the remaining surface when small particles are removed

A

desert pavement

61
Q

what does the shape and sizes of landforms depend on

A

wind speed
amount of time the wind blows
sediment supply

62
Q

what three landforms created by wave erosion

A

coastal cliffs
sea arches
sea stacks

63
Q

what are two examples of wave deposition

A

sand bars and sand spits

64
Q

what are sand bars

A

landforms that are parallel to the shoreline

65
Q

what are sand spits

A

extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape

66
Q

what is mass wasting caused by

A

snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, or human activity

67
Q

what are some examples of mass wasting

A

rock slides
mud flows
landslides

68
Q

27.3

A
69
Q

infiltration

A

the process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

70
Q

water table

A

upper boundary of the saturated zone

71
Q

aquifer

A

rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

72
Q

porosity

A

the percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space

73
Q

27.4

A
74
Q

absolute dating

A

process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or an event

75
Q

relative dating

A

process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time

76
Q

uniformitarianism

A

states that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past

77
Q

principle of superposition

A

states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom

78
Q

unconformities

A

gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent

79
Q

fossils

A

remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record

80
Q

27.3

A
81
Q

what percentage of water on Earth is salt water

A

97%

82
Q

what percentage of water on Earth is freshwater

A

3%

83
Q

where is the majority of freshwater found

A

the majority of freshwater is found in glaciers

84
Q

where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found

A

the smaller percent of freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, and stored as ground water

85
Q

what is precipitation

A

forms are rain, snow, sleet, and hail

86
Q

what is run off

A

water running off the land surface

87
Q

what is infiltration

A

when water enters earth and becomes ground water

88
Q

what is transpiration

A

plants release water vapor into the atmosphere

89
Q

what is evaporation

A

water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

90
Q

what is condensation

A

water vapor collides with other water vapor to molecules to form water droplets

91
Q

what is the water cycle

A

where fresh water moves from land to atmosphere then back to land

92
Q

what is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage

A

a porous area where water easily passes through

93
Q

what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage

A

beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fillsthe pore space

94
Q

what is a water table

A

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

95
Q

what does it mean if sediment is permeable

A

the material is the easier water can infiltrate through the ground

96
Q

what is an aquifer

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

97
Q

what is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer

A

Ogallala Aquifer

98
Q

how many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through

A

8 states

99
Q

what are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through

A

South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas

100
Q

what is an aquitard

A

keeps water confined

101
Q

How are water springs formed

A

where the water table naturally meets Earths surface

102
Q

what is an artesian well

A

drill into pressurized aquifers

103
Q

what is a cone of depression

A

where the water flows is directed down toward the well

physical science (6 decks)

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