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AP Biology Vocabulary > Ch. 23 - The Evolution of Populations > Flashcards

Ch. 23 - The Evolution of Populations Flashcards

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1
Q

A change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

A

Microevolution

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2
Q

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences

A

Genetic variation

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3
Q

A measure of the genetic variability within a population

A

Average heterozygosity

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4
Q

Genetic variation at the whole-gene level

A

Gene variability

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5
Q

Differences among populations in genetically based traits across the natural geographic range of a species

A

Geographic variation

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6
Q

Differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage

A

Neutral variation

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7
Q

A measurable gradient in a single character of a species across its geographical range

A

Cline

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8
Q

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA

A

Mutation

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9
Q

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring

A

Population

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10
Q

All copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population

A

Gene pool

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11
Q

In a population that is not evolving, allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work

A

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

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12
Q

A process in which traits that enhance survival or reproduction tend to increase in frequency over time

A

Adaptive Selection

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13
Q

A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next.

A

Genetic Drift

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14
Q

When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population

A

Founder Effect

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15
Q

Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.

A

Bottleneck Effect

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16
Q

The transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes.

A

Gene Flow

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17
Q

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals.

A

Relative Fitness

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18
Q

Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.

A

Directional Selection

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19
Q

Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do individuals with intermediate phenotypes.

A

Disruptive Selection

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20
Q

Natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes.

A

Stabilizing Selection

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21
Q

A process in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals of the same sex to obtain mates.

A

Sexual Selection

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22
Q

Differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females of the same species.

A

Sexual Dimorphism

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23
Q

A form of natural selection in which there is direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex.

A

Intrasexual Selection

24
Q

A form of natural selection in which individuals of one sex (usually the females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex; also called mate choice.

A

Intersexual Selection

25
Q

Genetic variation that does not provide a selective advantage or disadvantage.

A

Neutral Variation

26
Q

Natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population.

A

Balancing Selection

27
Q

Selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common the phenotype is in a population.

A

Frequency-Dependent Selection

28
Q

Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in a gene pool.

A

Heterozygote Advantage

29
Q

Define the following term:

Microevolution

A

A change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

30
Q

Define the following term:

Genetic variation

A

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences

31
Q

Define the following term:

Average heterozygosity

A

A measure of the genetic variability within a population

32
Q

Define the following term:

Gene variability

A

Genetic variation at the whole-gene level

33
Q

Define the following term:

Geographic variation

A

Differences among populations in genetically based traits across the natural geographic range of a species

34
Q

Define the following term:

Neutral variation

A

Differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage

35
Q

Define the following term:

Cline

A

A measurable gradient in a single character of a species across its geographical range

36
Q

Define the following term:

Mutation

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA

37
Q

Define the following term:

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring

38
Q

Define the following term:

Gene pool

A

All copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population

39
Q

Define the following term:

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

In a population that is not evolving, allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work

40
Q

Define the following term:

Adaptive Selection

A

A process in which traits that enhance survival or reproduction tend to increase in frequency over time

41
Q

Define the following term:

Genetic Drift

A

A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next.

42
Q

Define the following term:

Founder Effect

A

When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population

43
Q

Define the following term:

Bottleneck Effect

A

Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.

44
Q

Define the following term:

Gene Flow

A

The transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes.

45
Q

Define the following term:

Relative Fitness

A

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals.

46
Q

Define the following term:

Directional Selection

A

Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.

47
Q

Define the following term:

Disruptive Selection

A

Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do individuals with intermediate phenotypes.

48
Q

Define the following term:

Stabilizing Selection

A

Natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes.

49
Q

Define the following term:

Sexual Selection

A

A process in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals of the same sex to obtain mates.

50
Q

Define the following term:

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females of the same species.

51
Q

Define the following term:

Intrasexual Selection

A

A form of natural selection in which there is direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex.

52
Q

Define the following term:

Intersexual Selection

A

A form of natural selection in which individuals of one sex (usually the females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex; also called mate choice.

53
Q

Define the following term:

Neutral Variation

A

Genetic variation that does not provide a selective advantage or disadvantage.

54
Q

Define the following term:

Balancing Selection

A

Natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population.

55
Q

Define the following term:

Frequency-Dependent Selection

A

Selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common the phenotype is in a population.

56
Q

Define the following term:

Heterozygote Advantage

A

Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in a gene pool.

AP Biology Vocabulary (7 decks)

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