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AP Biology Vocabulary > Ch. 14 - Mendel & the Gene Idea > Flashcards

Ch. 14 - Mendel & the Gene Idea Flashcards

1
Q

A heritable feature that varies among individuals

A

Character

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2
Q

Each variant for a character

A

Trait

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3
Q

Plants who, over many generations of self-pollination, have produced only the same variety of the parental plant

A

True-breeding

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4
Q

The mating (or crossing) of two true-breeding varieties for different traits

A

Hybridization

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5
Q

Parental generation

A

P generation or P1 generation

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6
Q

First filial generation

A

F1 generation

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7
Q

Second filial generation

A

F2 generation

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8
Q

Alternate versions of a gene

A

Alleles

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9
Q

The allele that controls the phenotype of a heterozygote

A

Dominant allele

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10
Q

The allele in a heterozygote with no noticeable phenotypic effects

A

Recessive allele

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11
Q

The two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

A

Law of Segregation

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12
Q

A handy diagrammatic device for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup

A

Punnett Square

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13
Q

An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character

A

Homozygote

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14
Q

Having a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character

A

Homozygous

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15
Q

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene

A

Heterozygote

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16
Q

Having two different alleles for a gene

A

Heterozygous

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17
Q

An organism’s appearance or observable traits

A

Phenotype

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18
Q

An organism’s genetic makeup

A

Genotype

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19
Q

Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote

A

Testcross

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20
Q

All the F1 progeny produced in crosses of true-breeding parents following one trait

A

Monohybrids

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21
Q

A cross between heterozygotes for one trait

A

Monohybrid cross

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22
Q

The F1 plants produced in a cross between two true-breeding varieties differing for two traits being observed

A

Dihybrids

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23
Q

A cross between dihybrids

A

Dihybrid cross

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24
Q

Two or more genes assort independently - that is, each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles - during gamete formation

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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25
Q

To determine the probability of multiple events, multiply the probability of one event by the other(s) to see the probability of the total event

A

Multiplication rule

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26
Q

The probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities

A

Addition rule

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27
Q

Genes having multiple phenotypic effects

A

Pleiotropy

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28
Q

Characters that vary along a continuum

A

Quantitative characters

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29
Q

Degree of dominance in which one allele completely controls the phenotype of the heterozygote

A

Complete dominance

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30
Q

In which neither allele shows through in the heterozygote, but a new, intermediate phenotype does

A

Incomplete dominance

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31
Q

Degree of dominance in which both alleles each affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

A

Codominance

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32
Q

An inherited disease in humans that expresses incomplete dominance; the brain cells of a homozygote cannot metabolize certain lipids

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

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33
Q

The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus

A

Epistasis

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34
Q

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

A

Polygenic inheritance

35
Q

Meaning that many factors, both genetic and environmental, collectively influence phenotype

A

Multifactorial

36
Q

A family tree describing the traits of parents and children across the generation

37
Q

A technique to test for Tay-Sachs Disease in which a narrow tube is inserted into the uteris through the cervix and some of the placenta is removed for testing

A

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

38
Q

Heterozygotes which are phenotypically normal for a disorder, but may transmit the recessive allele to their offspring

39
Q

The most common lethal genetic disease in the United States (caused by a recessive allele)

A

Cystic Fibrosis

40
Q

The most common inherited disorder among people of African descent

A

Sickle-Cell Disease

41
Q

A degenerative disease of the nervous system caused by a lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the affected individual is approximately 35 to 45 years old

A

Huntington’s Disease

42
Q

One of the tests done to a fetus to tst for Tay-Sachs Disease, in which a needle is inserted into the uteris and 10mL of amniotic fluid are extracted during the fifteenth week of pregnancy

A

Amniocentesis

43
Q

Define the following term:

Character

A

A heritable feature that varies among individuals

44
Q

Define the following term:

Trait

A

Each variant for a character

45
Q

Define the following term:

True-breeding

A

Plants who, over many generations of self-pollination, have produced only the same variety of the parental plant

46
Q

Define the following term:

Hybridization

A

The mating (or crossing) of two true-breeding varieties for different traits

47
Q

Define the following term:

P generation or P1 generation

A

Parental generation

48
Q

Define the following term:

F1 generation

A

First filial generation

49
Q

Define the following term:

F2 generation

A

Second filial generation

50
Q

Define the following term:

Alleles

A

Alternate versions of a gene

51
Q

Define the following term:

Dominant allele

A

The allele that controls the phenotype of a heterozygote

52
Q

Define the following term:

Recessive allele

A

The allele in a heterozygote with no noticeable phenotypic effects

53
Q

Define the following term:

Law of Segregation

A

The two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

54
Q

Define the following term:

Punnett Square

A

A handy diagrammatic device for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup

55
Q

Define the following term:

Homozygote

A

An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character

56
Q

Define the following term:

Homozygous

A

Having a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character

57
Q

Define the following term:

Heterozygote

A

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene

58
Q

Define the following term:

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a gene

59
Q

Define the following term:

Phenotype

A

An organism’s appearance or observable traits

60
Q

Define the following term:

Genotype

A

An organism’s genetic makeup

61
Q

Define the following term:

Testcross

A

Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote

62
Q

Define the following term:

Monohybrids

A

All the F1 progeny produced in crosses of true-breeding parents following one trait

63
Q

Define the following term:

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross between heterozygotes for one trait

64
Q

Define the following term:

Dihybrids

A

The F1 plants produced in a cross between two true-breeding varieties differing for two traits being observed

65
Q

Define the following term:

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross between dihybrids

66
Q

Define the following term:

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Two or more genes assort independently - that is, each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles - during gamete formation

67
Q

Define the following term:

Multiplication rule

A

To determine the probability of multiple events, multiply the probability of one event by the other(s) to see the probability of the total event

68
Q

Define the following term:

Addition rule

A

The probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities

69
Q

Define the following term:

Pleiotropy

A

Genes having multiple phenotypic effects

70
Q

Define the following term:

Quantitative characters

A

Characters that vary along a continuum

71
Q

Define the following term:

Complete dominance

A

Degree of dominance in which one allele completely controls the phenotype of the heterozygote

72
Q

Define the following term:

Incomplete dominance

A

In which neither allele shows through in the heterozygote, but a new, intermediate phenotype does

73
Q

Define the following term:

Codominance

A

Degree of dominance in which both alleles each affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

74
Q

Define the following term:

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

An inherited disease in humans that expresses incomplete dominance; the brain cells of a homozygote cannot metabolize certain lipids

75
Q

Define the following term:

Epistasis

A

The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus

76
Q

Define the following term:

Polygenic inheritance

A

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

77
Q

Define the following term:

Multifactorial

A

Meaning that many factors, both genetic and environmental, collectively influence phenotype

78
Q

Define the following term:

Pedigree

A

A family tree describing the traits of parents and children across the generation

79
Q

Define the following term:

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A

A technique to test for Tay-Sachs Disease in which a narrow tube is inserted into the uteris through the cervix and some of the placenta is removed for testing

80
Q

Define the following term:

Carriers

A

Heterozygotes which are phenotypically normal for a disorder, but may transmit the recessive allele to their offspring

81
Q

Define the following term:

Cystic Fibrosis

A

The most common lethal genetic disease in the United States (caused by a recessive allele)

82
Q

Define the following term:

Sickle-Cell Disease

A

The most common inherited disorder among people of African descent

83
Q

Define the following term:

Huntington’s Disease

A

A degenerative disease of the nervous system caused by a lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the affected individual is approximately 35 to 45 years old

84
Q

Define the following term:

Amniocentesis

A

One of the tests done to a fetus to tst for Tay-Sachs Disease, in which a needle is inserted into the uteris and 10mL of amniotic fluid are extracted during the fifteenth week of pregnancy

AP Biology Vocabulary (7 decks)

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