Ch. 15 - The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Flashcards
Chromosomes and genes are present in pairs in diploid cells, and homologous chromosomes separate
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
The phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural populations
Wild type
A gene located on either sex chromosome
Sex-linked gene
Genes located on the X chromosome
X-linked genes
An X-linked disorder, like color-blindness, which affects one in 3,500 males born in the US which causes progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
An X-linked recessive disorder defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting
Hemophilia
The condensed, compacted, inactive X chromosome in each cell of a female
Barr body
Genes that are located near each other on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together
Linked genes
The production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either P generation parent
Genetic recombination
F1 offspring that match the phenotype of one or both parent(s)
Parental types
Offspring with phenotypes different from either parent
Recombinant types or recombinants
Homologous chromosomes are paired, and certain segments switch from one chromosome to the other, increasing genetic diversity
Crossing over
An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome
Genetic map
A genetic map based on recombination frequencies
Linkage map
The distance between genes in a linkage map; equivalent to the % recombination frequency
Map units
A pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate
Nondisjunction
Having an abnormal number of a particular chromosome
Aneuploidy
Missing one chromosome in a pair
Monosomic
Having three chromosomes in a pair instead of two
Trisomic
Having more than two complete chromosome sets in all somatic cells
Polyploidy
A chromosome fragment is lost
Deletion
Part of a chromosome is present more than once
Duplication
When a chromosome fragment attaches back to the original, but in reverse orientation
Inversion
A chromosomal fragment joins a non-homologous chromosome
Translocation
An aneuploid condition that results from an extra chromosome 21
Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21
Aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes resulting in 2 X chromosomes and a Y
Klinefelter Syndrome
Having three X chromosomes
Trisomy X
Having one X chromosome
Turner Syndrome or Monosomy X
Variation in phenotype depending on which parent passed on an allele
Genomic imprinting
Genes passed matrilineally in mammals
Mitochondrial genes
Define the following term:
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Chromosomes and genes are present in pairs in diploid cells, and homologous chromosomes separate
Define the following term:
Wild type
The phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural populations
Define the following term:
Sex-linked gene
A gene located on either sex chromosome
Define the following term:
X-linked genes
Genes located on the X chromosome
Define the following term:
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
An X-linked disorder, like color-blindness, which affects one in 3,500 males born in the US which causes progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination
Define the following term:
Hemophilia
An X-linked recessive disorder defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting
Define the following term:
Barr body
The condensed, compacted, inactive X chromosome in each cell of a female
Define the following term:
Linked genes
Genes that are located near each other on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together
Define the following term:
Genetic recombination
The production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either P generation parent
Define the following term:
Parental types
F1 offspring that match the phenotype of one or both parent(s)
Define the following term:
Recombinant types or recombinants
Offspring with phenotypes different from either parent
Define the following term:
Crossing over
Homologous chromosomes are paired, and certain segments switch from one chromosome to the other, increasing genetic diversity
Define the following term:
Genetic map
An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome
Define the following term:
Linkage map
A genetic map based on recombination frequencies
Define the following term:
Map units
The distance between genes in a linkage map; equivalent to the % recombination frequency
Define the following term:
Nondisjunction
A pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate
Define the following term:
Aneuploidy
Having an abnormal number of a particular chromosome
Define the following term:
Monosomic
Missing one chromosome in a pair
Define the following term:
Trisomic
Having three chromosomes in a pair instead of two
Define the following term:
Polyploidy
Having more than two complete chromosome sets in all somatic cells
Define the following term:
Deletion
A chromosome fragment is lost
Define the following term:
Duplication
Part of a chromosome is present more than once
Define the following term:
Inversion
When a chromosome fragment attaches back to the original, but in reverse orientation
Define the following term:
Translocation
A chromosomal fragment joins a non-homologous chromosome
Define the following term:
Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21
An aneuploid condition that results from an extra chromosome 21
Define the following term:
Klinefelter Syndrome
Aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes resulting in 2 X chromosomes and a Y
Define the following term:
Trisomy X
Having three X chromosomes
Define the following term:
Turner Syndrome or Monosomy X
Having one X chromosome
Define the following term:
Genomic imprinting
Variation in phenotype depending on which parent passed on an allele
Define the following term:
Mitochondrial genes
Genes passed matrilineally in mammals
