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Fundamentals & Clinical Procedures > Ch 23 - Emergency Medical Services > Flashcards

Ch 23 - Emergency Medical Services Flashcards

1
Q

first aid

A

the immediate care administered before complete medical care can be obtained to an individual who is injured or suddenly becomes ill

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2
Q

what are the symptoms of asthma?

A

wheezing
coughing
dyspnea

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3
Q

what happens during an asthma attack?

A

bronchioles constrict and become clogged with mucus

triggered by air pollutants, tobacco smoke, exposure to clod and emotional stress, chemical fumes, vigorous exercise, respiratory infections

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4
Q

what is status asthmaticus and its symptoms?

A

a severe prolonged asthma attach that is life threatening
bluish coloration of skin and extremely labored breathing

emergency transport

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5
Q

what is emphysema?

A

progressive lung disorder where terminal bronchioles leading into the alveoli becomes plugged with mucus
alveoli becomes damaged, less surface area to diffuse oxygen into blood

results in loss of elasticity in alveoli, inhaled air is trapped
making breathing very difficult

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6
Q

what is hyperventilation

A

rapid and deep respirations causing individual to exhale too much carbon dioxide

other symptoms include dizziness, faintness, light headedness, visual disturbances; chest pain, tachycardia, palpitations, fullness in throat, numbness of fingers, toes and areas around mouth

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7
Q

what causes a myocardial infarction and its symptoms?

A

partial or complete obstruction of one or both of the coronary arteries or their branches

symptoms: chest pain or discomfort described as squeezing/crushing pressure, severe indigestion or burning, heaviness, aching

pain may radiate out to neck, throat, shoulders, and arms

other symptoms: SOB, perspiration, nausea, fainting

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8
Q

what is a stroke and its symptoms?

A

aka cerebrovascular accident

an artery to the brain is blocked or ruptures causing an interruption of blood flow to the brain

symptoms: sudden weakness or numbness of face, arm, leg on one side of the body; difficulty speaking; dimmed/loss of vision in one eye; double vision, dizziness, confusion; sever headache, and loss of consciousness

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9
Q

what is shock?

A

failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough blood to all of the body’s vital organs

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10
Q

general signs and symptoms of shock?

A

weakness, restlessness, anxiety, disorientation, pallor, cold clammy skin, rapid breathing and rapid pulse

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11
Q

if shock is not treated and progresses?

A

significant drop in blood pressure, cyanosis, loss of consciousness and death

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12
Q

which organs are most affected in shock?

A

heart, brain, lungs

which can be irreparably damaged in 4-6 minutes

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13
Q

what is hypovolemic shock? first aid?

A

loss of blood or body fluids
external or internal hemorrhage
plasma loss from severe burns, severe dehydration from vomiting, diarrhea, or profuse perspiration

first priority is control bleeding, replace fluids

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14
Q

what is cardiogenic shock?

A

failure of the heart to pump adequate blood to all of the body’s vital organs

myocardial infarction is a common cause or severe CHF, dysrhythmias, acute valvular damage, pulmonary embolism

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15
Q

what is neurogenic shock?

A

nervous system is unable to control the diameter of blood vessels

blood vessels dilate and blood pools away from vital organs

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16
Q

good samaritan laws

A

protects an individual from being sued and found financially responsible for a patient’s injury except for gross negligence assuming he/she acts in good faith and uses a reasonable level of skill that does not exceed that individual’s scope of practice

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17
Q

emergency care for external bleeding

A

apply direct pressure on wound

apply pressure on the pressure point, if needed

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18
Q

pressure points

A 
temporal
carotid
facial
brachial
femoral
radial ulnar
subclavian
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19
Q

emergency care for nose bleed/epitaxis

A

sit , head tilted forward
pinch nostrils
allow clotting about 15 minutes
if bleeding stops, do not blow nose to loosen clot

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20
Q

signs and symptoms of internal bleeding

A 
bruises
pain,
tenderness
swelling at site of injury
rapid weak pulse
cold clammy skin
nauasea and vomitting
excessive thirts
drop in BP
decreased LOC
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21
Q

emergency care for incisions and lacerations

A

apply pressure with dressing
clean wound with soap and water to remove dirt/debris
cover wound with dry sterile dressing

if more serious, do not clean and see provider

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22
Q

emergency care for puncture wounds

A

allow bleeding for a few minutes to wash out bacteria
clean with soap and water
apply dry sterile dressing
tetanus shot (prevent tetanus bacterial infection)

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23
Q

emergency care for abrasions

A

rinse with cold running water
wash with soap to remove dirt debris
allow provider to remove embedded debris
apply dry steril dressing

24
Q

color changes of contusions

A

aka bruises

bluish to greenish or yellow

25
Q

sprain

A

tearing of ligaments at a joint

pain swelling discoloration

26
Q

strain

A

stretching and tearing of muscles or tendons

pain and swelling

27
Q

impacted fracture

A

the broken ends of the bones are forcefully jammed together

28
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bone remains intact on one side but broken on the other

29
Q

transverse fracture

A

break occurs perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

30
Q

oblique fracture

A

the break occurs diagonally across the bone due to twisting force

31
Q

comminuted fracture

A

the bone is splintered or shattered into three of more fragments caused by extremely traumatic direct force

32
Q

spiral fracture

A

bone is broken into a spiral or S-shape caused by twisting force

33
Q

simple partial seizure

A

alert awake
twitching or jerking
less than 1 minute

34
Q

complex partial seizure

A 
LOC altered
little/no memory
confusion, glassy stare, aimless wandering, lip smacking or chewing 
fidgeting with clothing 
up to 2 minutes
35
Q

generalized seizure

A

abnormal electrical activity spreads through the entire brain

36
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

a type of generalized seizure

tonic phase: loses consciousness, rigid muscular contractions, odd posturing of body, cyanosis around mouth/lips, inhibited respirations, lose control of bladder and bowels

clonic phase: body jerks violently, jaw muscles contract

postictal state: depressed LOC, headache, no/little memory

37
Q

status epilepticus

A

prolonged seizures or in rapid succession without full recovery of LOC between them

most serious type of seizure; potentially life threatening

38
Q

hypoglycemia symptoms

A

aka insulin shock

normal or rapid respiration
pale, cold, clammy skin
sweating, dizziness, headache
aggressive or unusual behavior
fainting, seizure, coma

give sugar, fruit juice asap

39
Q

diabetic coma symptoms

A

hyperglycemia; diabetic ketoacidosis

buildup of acid waste products in the blood
polyuria
excessive thirst and hunger
vomiting
abdominal pain
dry warm skin
rapid deep sighing respirations
sweet fruity odor breath dt acetone
rapid weak pulse

must go to Emergency care asap

40
Q

symptoms of hypothermia

A 
shivering
numbness
drowsiness
apathy
glassy stare
decreased LOC
41
Q

signs and symptoms of frostbite

A

cold and waxy skin
white yellow or blue discoloration
loss of feeling

severe tissue damage

common sites - hands fingers feet toes ears nose cheeks

rewarming must be done at hospital
do not rub

42
Q

heat stroke symptoms

A 
red hot dry skin
rapid weak pulse
dizziness and weakness
rapid shallow breathing
decreased LOC
seizures

transport to emergency care

43
Q

heat exhaustion symptoms

A 
cold clammy skin pale gray
profuse sweating
headache
nausea
dizziness weakness
diarrhea

replenish fluids and electrolytes
cold compress to forehead
rest
if not better in 30 min, transport to emergency care

44
Q

heat cramps symptoms

A

painful muscle spasms of legs, calves, abdomen
hot sweaty skin
weakness
rapid pulse

cool environment
rest replacement of fluids and electrolytes

45
Q

first degree burn

A

sun burn
epidermis
red warm dry painful

46
Q

second degree burn

A

partial thickness
dermis
red mottled blistered painful
scarring

47
Q

third degree burn

A

full thickness
beyond the dermis, into underlying tissues - fat, muscle, bone, nerves

charred black brown cherry red and damaged tissues underneath often pearly white

intense pain or no pain due to nerve damage
dense scars

48
Q

rule of nines

A 
adult vs infant
head/neck 9% vs 18%
trunk 36%
upper extremities 9% each
genitalia 1%
lower extremities 18% each vs 14% each
49
Q

psychogenic shock

A

least serious
caused by unpleasant physical or emotional stimuli, such as pain, fright, and the sight of blood

sudden dilation of the blood vessels causes blood to pool in the abdomen and extremities

50
Q

capillary bleeding

A

slow oozing of bright red blood

51
Q

venous bleeding

A

slow and steady flow of dark red blood

52
Q

arterial bleeding

A

bright red blood that spurts

53
Q

emergency care for major/minor thermal burns

A

major:
wrap in blanket to smother flames or roll around
large amounts of water
do not use ice water

if burn covers a large surface greater than 20% do not use water

activate EMS

cover patient with nonfuzzy materal

minor:
immerse in cold water for 2-5 minutes
apply sterile dressing

54
Q

emergency care for snakebite

A 
wash bite area with soap and water
immobilize injured part and position it below the heart
activate EMS
do not apply ice, tourniquet
do not cut or suction the wound
55
Q

rabies

A

viral infection transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal

skunks, bats, raccoons, cats, dogs, cattle, foxes

rabies vaccine is administered upon contact

56
Q

animal bites

A

if minor rinse with soap water apply antibiotic ointment and sterile dressing

see medical provider to check for infections and tetanus immunization

serious bleeding do not clean, apply pressure, activate EMS

Fundamentals & Clinical Procedures (12 decks)

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