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Biology > ch 23 > Flashcards

ch 23 Flashcards

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1
Q

Before plants were able to live in terrestrial habitats, they needed ways to

A

absorb minerals, conserve water, and reproduce on land.

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2
Q

Many plants have vascular tissues that act as

A

pipelines for carrying water from roots to leaves and for moving carbohydrates from leaves to roots.

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3
Q

Plants exhibit a life cycle in which

A

a haploid individual that produces gametes alternates with a diploid individual that produces spores.

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4
Q

The first plants to invade land lacked

A

roots, stems, and leaves. They took in water and other substances by osmosis and diffusion.

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5
Q

Nonvascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, have

A

vascular tissue that is very simple in design.

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6
Q

Modern vascular plants are distinguished by the following features:

A

a dominant sporophyte, specialized conducting tissues, and a distinctive body form.

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7
Q

The first vascular plants, such as ferns, were

A

seedless and required a film of water for fertilization.

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8
Q

The first seed-bearing plants were

A

gymnosperms

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9
Q

gymnosperms

A

produce seeds that develop in cones.

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10
Q

Angiosperms are ___ plants,

A

flowering

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11
Q

Angiosperms

A

produce seeds that develop within fruits.

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12
Q

A seed is a

A

sporophyte plant embryo surrounded by a protective coat.

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13
Q

Angiosperms are

A

the most successful plants, comprising 90 percent of all living plant species.

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14
Q

Flowers are

A

reproductive structures that generally consist of four whorls of appendages.

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15
Q

In many angiosperms,

A

flower structure is suited for a particular type of pollination.

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16
Q

Before ANY life could come on land, what needed to be solved? how?

A

the UV radiation problem was taken care of by photosynthetic bacteria and algae in the oceans. When the oceans become oxygen saturated oxygen gas O2 escapes into the lower atmosphere where it accumulates until it reaches the upper atmosphere where it is then converted to O3 (ozone) that will block harmful UV radiation… so that life could (eventually and much later) come on land. Again, there was a spurt of speciation, where a whole lot of new species arose because of new (land) resources/jobs available.

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17
Q

3 obstacles to life on land:

A

Absorb minerals from rocky surface
Conserve water
Reproduce with lack of water

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18
Q

Absorbing Minerals

A

close mutualistic association between fungi and plants, similar to modern day mychorrhizae (present in 80% of all plants):

fungi phosphorous + minerals -> plants

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19
Q

Ectomychorrhizae

A

do not penetrate plant root cells

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20
Q

Endomychorrhizae

A

do penetrate plant root cells

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21
Q

Conserving water

A

Develop water tight waxy covering called cuticle.

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22
Q

Somata

A

passages through cuticle to exchange gases and pass water vapor.

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23
Q

Guard cells control

A

stomata.

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24
Q

Reproducing on land

A

plants have to develop mechanisms for fertilization without water. Mosses, ferns & several plants still rely on nearby water to move male gametes, but most other plants enclose male gametes in multicellular pollen grains to maintain water content and protect while transported by wind or animals to female gamete.

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25
Q

Plants eventually evolve to have what

A

vascular duct system to move nutrients and waste to various parts.

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26
Q

Phloem

A

(soft walled)

conducts nutrients down from leaves.

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27
Q

Xylem

A

(hard walled)

water and dissolved minerals & nutrients move up from roots.

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28
Q

Transpiration

A

causes one water molecule to leave the stoma which pulls the next because of the polar attraction.

29
Q

Sporic Meiosis

A

Alternation of generations.

30
Q

Alternation of generations.

A
  1. Multi-cellular haploid Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis.
  2. Gametes fuse to form diploid zygote (Fertilization)
  3. Zygote divide nuclei by mitosis to become multicelluar diploid sporophyte
  4. Sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis
  5. Spores divide nuclei by mitosis to become multicelluar haploid gametophyte

In most plants we know, gametophyte lives within dominant sporophyte.

31
Q

Water transport

A

non-vascular

vascular

32
Q

Non-vascular

A

water mostly transferred by osmosis and diffusion throughout body (limits their size).

Non-vascular have dominant haploid gametophyte stage.

33
Q

Vascular

A

have dominant diploid sporophyte stage.

34
Q

Meristems

A

zones of growth.

35
Q

Roots

A

below ground structure for water and mineral intake.

36
Q

Shoots

A

above ground structure for photosynthetic functions.

37
Q

Non-vascular plants (like mosses liverworts and Hornworts)

A

dominant gametophyte support dependent sporophyte

38
Q

All Vascular plants have:

A
  • A vascular system (advantage = material transport system allows plant to be taller and outcompetes non-vascular plants)
  • A dominant sporophyte generation
  • A distinctive body form (roots and shoots)
39
Q

Ferns

A

dominant sporophyte, wholly independent gametophyte

40
Q

gymnosperms and angiosperm plants

A

dominant sporophyte supports dependent gametophyte

41
Q

5 advanced vascular plant phyla

A

4 phyla are gymnosperms

1 phylum is angiosperm

42
Q

gymnosperms

A

seed doesn’t develop in fruit, no flowers

43
Q

angiosperm

A

seed develops in fruit AND flowers latest and most evolved phylum.

44
Q

Seed plants produce two kinds of gametophytes:

A

Microspores produce microgametophytes (pollen) which then produces male gametes

Megaspores (located in ovules) produce megagametophytes which then produces female gametes

45
Q

Gymnosperm (advanced vascular plant) features/advantages over ferns:

A

Seeds (functions):

  • Protect plant embryo (seed coat)
  • Most provide food supply
  • Provide dispersal mode
  • Keep embryo viable until good environmental -conditions (lies dormant)

Pollen - delivers sperm to egg by wind (no water needed)

46
Q

Microspores

A

produce microgametophytes (pollen) which then produces male gametes

47
Q

Megaspores

A

(located in ovules) produce megagametophytes which then produces female gametes

48
Q

Pollen grain

A

(a few haploid spores surrounded by protective wall) is a mature microspore that contains microgametophyte

49
Q

Life cycle of conifers (cone gymnosperms):

A
  • Makes two kinds of cones – one produces a large amount pollen grains with sacs (for air dispersal) & one produces seed cones
  • Seed cones open to expose ovules.
  • Pollen grains land and send tubes to ovules to transfer sperm to eggs
  • Fertilized zygote becomes embryo
  • Embryo lies dormant while seed forms around
  • Seeds helicopter from cone to place away from parents
50
Q

Angiosperm advantages over Gymnosperm:

A
  • Structure/Feature - Seeds develop in fruits that aids in seed dispersal away from parents. Fruit - mature ovary containing seeds. Some used to attract animals to eat it and disperse seeds. Most fruits disperse by wind, water and sticking to animals.
  • Structure/Feature - Flowers attract pollinators for much more efficient delivery of sperm
  • Procedure - double fertilization. Endosperm results from double fertilization. Microgametophytes of gymnosperms produce two sperm, one of which dies. The two sperms of angiosperms both fertilize: One haploid sperm fertilizes haploid egg to produce diploid zygote (embryo), other sperm fuses with two nuclei of haploid cells to produce triploid cell (endosperm tissue).
51
Q

Angiosperms are

A

most recent and advanced, most numerous 90% of plant species, much more efficient reproduction – animals transport pollen directly to other plants.

52
Q

Four whorls of flowers:

A

Calyx
Corrolla
Androecium
Gynoecium

53
Q

Calyx

A

one or more sepals (modified leaves) that protect buds.

54
Q

Corrolla

A

petals, bright and sometimes scented to attract pollinators

55
Q

Androecium

A

one or more stamens that produce microspores. Made of one or more stamens.
Stamen parts: Filaments. Anther

56
Q

Gynoecium

A

one or more pistils. Ovules develop in lower swollen part called ovary. Stigma sits atop elongated style and is the landing platform for pollen.

57
Q

Filaments

A

Long slender stalk.

58
Q

Anther

A

sits atop filament and contains pollen grains.

59
Q

Stigma

A

Swollen sticky tip, sits atop slender style.

60
Q

Complete flowers

A

have all 4 whorls

61
Q

Perfect flowers

A

have both Androecium & Gynoecium

62
Q

Imperfect flowers cannot self-fertilize so

A

they MUST cross pollinate which increases genetic diversity.

63
Q

Insects, birds and bats pollinate.

Bees are most numerous pollinators (20,00 species)

A

Bee flowers – blue or yellow & scented
Butterfly flowers – large landing platforms and deep tube necks containing nectar
Fly flowers – smell like rotting meat
Moth flowers – pale and heavy scented
Bat flowers – large and heavy scent
Hummingbird flowers – red

64
Q

Endosperm

A

highly nutritious seed tissue developed by angiosperms, begins at same time as embryo.

65
Q

cotyledon.

A

Endosperm of some angiosperms transferred into embryo’s fleshy part

66
Q

Dicot

A

2 cotyledon

Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5

Veins usually netlike

67
Q

Monocot

A

1 cotyledon

multiples of 3

parallel

68
Q

Feature/Benefit/Organism in which first evolved

Vascular system

Pollen

Seeds

Seeds develop in fruit

Flowers

Double fertilization

A

Vascular system:
Can be taller and get more sunlight than non-vascular
Ferns

Pollen:
Sperm and get to egg without water (by wind)
Gymnosperm

Seeds:
· Protect plant embryo (seed coat) mostly from losing water
· Most provide food supply
· Provide dispersal mode (so it does NOT have to compete with tall parents
· Dormancy keeps embryo viable until good environmental conditions
Gymnosperm

Seeds develop in fruit:
Dispersal of seeds
Angiosperm

Flowers:
Attracts pollinators for more efficient delivery of sperm
Angiosperm

Double fertilization
Endosperm (very nutritious)
Angiosperm

Biology (16 decks)

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