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Biology > ch 17 > Flashcards

ch 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Coevolution

A

back-and-forth evolutionary adjustments of interacting species in an ecosystem.

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2
Q

Secondary Compounds

A

chemicals some plants make for protection.

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3
Q

ways that two species can interact

A

predation
competition
symbiosis

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4
Q

predation

A

one species feeds on another

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5
Q

competition

A

when two species use the same resource.

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6
Q

symbiosis

A

two or more species living in close long-term association

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7
Q

types of symbiosis

A

mutualism
commensalism
parasitism

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8
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefit

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9
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefits, the other is not harmed or helped

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10
Q

parasitism

A

type of predation where one species feeds on and lives on or in another (does not kill host but host is harmed).

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11
Q

ants and aphids

A

mutualistic relationship. Ants get honeydew and aphids get transport to feeding grounds and protected.

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12
Q

exclusive mutualistic relationship

A

reduces competition

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13
Q

leafcutter ants relationships

A

Predation relationship with plants - ants prey on plants, plants have loose leaves
Mutualistic relationship between ants and fungi; Ants get proteins and sugars made by fungi. Fungi get food - leaves delivered AND prepared (mulched) by ants.
Competition with mold - both compete for fungi
Mutualistic relationship between Ants and bacteria. Ants get antibiotic protection for their garden from the mold (“bad” fungi), the bacteria may get nourishment from ant exocrine gland secretions and moved to mold that they eat.

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14
Q

niche

A

how a species lives or functions in an ecosystem

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15
Q

fundamental niche

A

total niche in an ecosystem that a species is potentially able to occupy

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16
Q

realized niche

A

actual part of the fundamental niche a species occupies

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17
Q

character displacement

A

evolutionary adjustment to decrease competition - increased differences between two species or groups, where their niche overlaps. The less alike they are, the less they will compete.

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18
Q

competitive exclusion

A

local elimination of one or more competing species.

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19
Q

Gause’s Principle of Competitive Exclusion

A

in competing species, the species to succeed is the one that uses resources more efficiently.

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20
Q

starfish keystone species

A

preys on mussels which can outcompete other species and make coastal tidal ecosystems less-diverse and more vulnerable to change.

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21
Q

sea otter keystone species

A

preys of Urchins which eat Kelp forest which provide food and homes for other species and keep coastal tidal ecosystems diverse and less vulnerable to change.

22
Q

keystone species

A

a species in which a habitant could not survive without

Predation can lessen the effect of competition enabling greater species diversity

23
Q

Disturbance dependent ecosystem - Fire and Buffalo

A

In prairie ecosystems, tall grasses are dominant and will be make up the major producer portion of the climax community. When tall grasses dominate, there is less broadleaf plants (which have more and different seeds as well as flowers), less broadleaf plant eaters, less eaters of broadleaf plant seeds and flower nectar (less diversity). Fire, and then Buffalo, enable more diversity:

  • Fire gets rid of tall grass dominators.
  • All plant seeds start to grow.
  • A limited variety of tall grass would soon dominate except……
  • Buffalo like the young grass shoots and eat them exclusively so that….
  • A wide variety of broadleaf seed plants take hold and grow
  • Because there are now a wide variety of seed plant attracts a wide variety of seed plant eaters so……
  • Because there are now a wide variety of seed plants eaters, there are a wide variety of seed plant eaters eaters …..MORE DIVERSITY
24
Q

more diversity

A

in ecosystems allows them to be less vulnerable to any change that might come along. Differences in some organisms might allow them to survive and carry on.

25
Q

“Goldilocks planet” factors

A

Just the right distance from the sun
24 hour rotation – quick night and day alternation prevents extreme temperature fluctuations
75% of Earth covered by water, which changes temperature slowly and so moderates (reduces extreme fluctuations) of air and planetary temperature

26
Q

angle of solar energy

A

effects temperature

27
Q

angle of planet and yearly rotation (around the sun)

A

enable seasonal changes

28
Q

hot air

A

rises and decreases ability to hold moisture as it cools

29
Q

Cool air

A

sinks and increases ability to hold moisture as it warms

30
Q

Latitude and air stuff

A

Equator – hot air rises and looses moisture
30° - cooler air sinks, absorbs moisture (less rain) most deserts here but some in continental interiors at other latitudes
60° - air rises again, looses moisture (more rain)
poles – air sinks

31
Q

rain-shadow effect

A

Mountains force air up to cool and loose moisture. As air descends on other side it warms and absorbs moisture

32
Q

Ocean determined by

A

atmospheric patterns and modified by land masses; currents move in clockwise circular pattern in northern hemispheres and counter-clockwise in southern
By redistributing heat, ocean patterns affect life in oceans and on land

33
Q

how much of the earth’s surface is covered by ocean

A

75%

34
Q

Marine (ocean) environment has 3 habitats:

A

shallow waters
open sea surface
deep sea water

35
Q

shallow waters

A

near coastlines, most diverse, most biomass concentration due to runoff from land and nutrients at the close bottom

36
Q

Open Sea Surface

A

top level of open sea. Home to biological community called plankton (mostly microscopic): bacteria, algae, fish larvae and other small animals. Some bacteria & algae photosynthetic (account for 40% of earth’s photosynthesis)

37
Q

Deep Sea Water

A

most organisms feed of debris drifting down, some predators

38
Q

freshwater communities

A

lakes, ponds, streams and rivers connected closely with terrestrial habitats due to runoff

39
Q

biomes

A

terrestrial communities found in different areas with similar climates

40
Q

tropical rain forests

A

rainfall= 80 –180 in./year. Largest diversity (probably at least half the planet’s species) and also the largest concentration of biomass…..mostly due to large amount of rain AND direct solar energy AND perpetual summer (year-round growing season)…even though soil is poor (recycled very quickly) – most nutrients are held in plants and decaying organic matter.

41
Q

why does it rain at the equator?

A
  1. @ the Equator – more direct/prependicular sunlight causes…
  2. hot air to rise…
  3. rising air gets cooler…
  4. as air cools it looses its ability to hold moisture…
  5. and it rains
  6. Also large leaf area (due to abundant rain and sun ) transpires a lot rain…..
  7. that cycles to clouds…..
  8. and rains back down
42
Q

savannas

A

dry tropical grassland. Found between tropical rain forests and deserts. Rainfall 35 – 60 in. Wider seasonal temperature range than rain forests and long yearly drought with a wet season.

43
Q

deserts

A

Arid lands. Fewer than 10 in. rain. Mostly interiors of continents. Scarcity of water influencing most biological processes.

44
Q

temperate grasslands

A

Moderate climates produce rich grasslands. Highly productive deep and fertile soil (because it is nutrients are NOT recycled quickly)

45
Q

temperate deciduous forests

A

Rich hardwood trees. Mild climate and plentiful rain (30-100 in.). Trees shed leaves in fall.

46
Q

taiga

A

Great Coniferous Forests – cold wet climates. Most rain and sunlight in summer – rapidly growing plants.

47
Q

tundra

A

Cold plains – 1/5 of earth’s surface. Rainfall 10 in. Water frozen and unavailable most of year. Few trees – mostly grasses, sedges and mosses.

48
Q

biomes at 30 degrees?

A

deserts

49
Q

biomes at 60 degrees?

A

tundra

50
Q

biomes at 0 degrees?

A

tropical rainforest

51
Q

why/how do deserts form?

A

distance from water

Biology (16 decks)

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