Ch 23 Flashcards
Discoverer of protists
Anton von Leuwenhoek with microscope
3 parts of cytoskeleton
microtubules tublin proteins: structural suport, cell division, intracellular transport (tracks for motor proteins to move along cell)
Microfilaments actin proteins: cell structure and cell motility
Intermediate filaments keratin proteins: more permanent fibers, mechanical strength, more stable, resist mechanical stress.
Microtubules and microfilaments break apart and assemble easy
What is crucial in all eukaryotes
microtubules: structural support, cell division, intracellular transport (tracks for motor proteins to move along cell)
centrosomes and centrioles organize microtubules. centrioles are inside centrosomes, form mitotic spindle (made up of microtubules)
What is the key to eukaryotic flagella and cilia movement?
Microtubules, they are inside flagella and cilia. dynein motor proteins cause bending.
describe movement of flagella vs. cilia
flagella: long, whip like motion
cilia: short, oar like motion
how are flagella, cilia, and centrioles interrelated?
centrosomes are made up of centrioles, which contribute to form basal body. the microtubules are attached to basal body, and extend all the way into the flagella/cilia
what organism do not have centrioles
fungi, conifers, and flowering plants bc no flagella
what also produces cell movement?
microfilaments (actin protein_ and myosin motor proteins (muscle contraction) 3 M’s
amoeboid movement
squishy, movement where whole body bends
pseudopodium
little, temporary feet that help ameboid cell move and feed (endocytosis)
cytoplasmic streaming
movement of cytoplasm in cell
photoautotrophs
contain chlorophyll a, accessory pigments vary based on environment, chloroplasts due to secondary endosymbiosis
chemoheterotrophs
absorptive: absorb monomers through diffusion/active transport
ingestive: take in particles with phagocytosis and intracellular digestion and extracellular digestion
Origin of eukaryotes
heterotrophic prokaryote gained nucleus and ER from infolded plasma membrane, allowing larger cell size and large genome. mitochondrion gained from endosymbiosis of aerobic heterotrophic bacterium, not digested. gained chloroplast from endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria (serial endosymbiosis hypothesis)
unique plastids come for eukaryotic alga through secondary 2^o endosymbiosis
4 types of eukaryotes
- colonial: daughter cells connected together, share resources
- unicellular: entire life as single cell, diverse organelles
- multicellular: cell specialization, cell communication
- multinucleate: nuclear division without ctokinesis
3 types of eukaryotic reproduction
- asexual via mitosis
- asexual budding or fragmentation + regeneration
- sexual reproduction meiosis and fertilization separate haploid and diploid phases
where are excavata found? 3 types
caves. diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans. UNICELLULAR, FLAGELLATED, NO CELL WALL
Excavata: diplomonads
anaerobic: reduced mitochondria
most are parasitic
humans accidentally consume durable cysts in water
ex. guardia intestinalis. asexual
excavata: Parabasalids
anaerobic, reduced mitochondria, asexual, symbiotic (Human vaginal parasite (STD)
Excavata: Euglenozoans
no cell wall, flagella with crystalline rod, can be autotroph or heterotroph, NO PSUDEOPODIA
3 types of stramenopiles
diatoms, brown algae, oomycetes
Stramenopiles: diatoms
unicellular phytoplankton (algae), primary producers, silica walls, no flagella
Stramenopiles: brown algae
multicellular, primary producers, thallose form, cell wall with cellulose & algin
Stramenopiles: oomycetes
filamentous, multinucleate, absorptive heterotrophs, can infest plants. cell walls with cellulose. spores have flagella. potato famine
