Ch 23

Question 1

Discoverer of protists

Answer 1

Anton von Leuwenhoek with microscope

Question 2

3 parts of cytoskeleton

Answer 2

microtubules tublin proteins: structural suport, cell division, intracellular transport (tracks for motor proteins to move along cell)
Microfilaments actin proteins: cell structure and cell motility
Intermediate filaments keratin proteins: more permanent fibers, mechanical strength, more stable, resist mechanical stress.
Microtubules and microfilaments break apart and assemble easy

Question 3

What is crucial in all eukaryotes

Answer 3

microtubules: structural support, cell division, intracellular transport (tracks for motor proteins to move along cell)
centrosomes and centrioles organize microtubules. centrioles are inside centrosomes, form mitotic spindle (made up of microtubules)

Question 4

What is the key to eukaryotic flagella and cilia movement?

Answer 4

Microtubules, they are inside flagella and cilia. dynein motor proteins cause bending.

Question 5

describe movement of flagella vs. cilia

Answer 5

flagella: long, whip like motion
cilia: short, oar like motion

Question 6

how are flagella, cilia, and centrioles interrelated?

Answer 6

centrosomes are made up of centrioles, which contribute to form basal body. the microtubules are attached to basal body, and extend all the way into the flagella/cilia

Question 7

what organism do not have centrioles

Answer 7

fungi, conifers, and flowering plants bc no flagella

Question 8

what also produces cell movement?

Answer 8

microfilaments (actin protein_ and myosin motor proteins (muscle contraction) 3 M’s

Question 9

amoeboid movement

Answer 9

squishy, movement where whole body bends

Question 10

pseudopodium

Answer 10

little, temporary feet that help ameboid cell move and feed (endocytosis)

Question 11

cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 11

movement of cytoplasm in cell

Question 12

photoautotrophs

Answer 12

contain chlorophyll a, accessory pigments vary based on environment, chloroplasts due to secondary endosymbiosis

Question 13

chemoheterotrophs

Answer 13

absorptive: absorb monomers through diffusion/active transport
ingestive: take in particles with phagocytosis and intracellular digestion and extracellular digestion

Question 14

Origin of eukaryotes

Answer 14

heterotrophic prokaryote gained nucleus and ER from infolded plasma membrane, allowing larger cell size and large genome. mitochondrion gained from endosymbiosis of aerobic heterotrophic bacterium, not digested. gained chloroplast from endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria (serial endosymbiosis hypothesis)
unique plastids come for eukaryotic alga through secondary 2^o endosymbiosis

Question 15

4 types of eukaryotes

Answer 15

1. colonial: daughter cells connected together, share resources
2. unicellular: entire life as single cell, diverse organelles
3. multicellular: cell specialization, cell communication
4. multinucleate: nuclear division without ctokinesis

Question 16

3 types of eukaryotic reproduction

Answer 16

1. asexual via mitosis
2. asexual budding or fragmentation + regeneration
3. sexual reproduction meiosis and fertilization separate haploid and diploid phases

Question 17

where are excavata found? 3 types

Answer 17

caves. diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans. UNICELLULAR, FLAGELLATED, NO CELL WALL

Question 18

Excavata: diplomonads

Answer 18

anaerobic: reduced mitochondria
most are parasitic
humans accidentally consume durable cysts in water
ex. guardia intestinalis. asexual

Question 19

excavata: Parabasalids

Answer 19

anaerobic, reduced mitochondria, asexual, symbiotic (Human vaginal parasite (STD)

Question 20

Excavata: Euglenozoans

Answer 20

no cell wall, flagella with crystalline rod, can be autotroph or heterotroph, NO PSUDEOPODIA

Question 21

3 types of stramenopiles

Answer 21

diatoms, brown algae, oomycetes

Question 22

Stramenopiles: diatoms

Answer 22

unicellular phytoplankton (algae), primary producers, silica walls, no flagella

Question 23

Stramenopiles: brown algae

Answer 23

multicellular, primary producers, thallose form, cell wall with cellulose & algin

Question 24

Stramenopiles: oomycetes

Answer 24

filamentous, multinucleate, absorptive heterotrophs, can infest plants. cell walls with cellulose. spores have flagella. potato famine

Question 25

3 types alveolates

Answer 25

dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates. all have membrane-enclosed sac beneath cell membrane = alveolus

Question 26

alveolate: dinoflagellate

Answer 26

unicellular aquatic heterotrophs or phytoplankton, internal cellulose plats (BIOLUMINESCENT)

Question 27

Alveolates: apicomplexans

Answer 27

parasites of animals, no cell wall. apical complex helps them enter host cells. require more than one host.

Question 28

Alveolates: Ciliates

Answer 28

ingestive heterotrophs , aquatic. cilia. asexual, 2 nuclei. CONJUGATION trade micronuclei

Question 29

2 types Rhizaria

Answer 29

radiolarians, foraminiferans

Question 30

Rhizaria: radiolarians

Answer 30

plankton, pseudopodia, silica (skeletons) (shell) (test)

Question 31

Rhizaria: foraminiferans

Answer 31

pseudopodia, tests of calcium carbonate. visible to eye!

Question 32

2 types Archaeplastida

Answer 32

Red Algae, chlorophytes

Question 33

Archaeplastida

Answer 33

chloroplasts and cell walls with cellulose

Question 34

Archaeplastida: Red Algae

Answer 34

red phycoerythrin accessory pigment, no flagella, we eat it

Question 35

Archaeplastida: Chlorophytes

Answer 35

green algae. freshwater, biflagellate, colonial, multinucleate

Question 36

3 types amoebozoans

Answer 36

Slime molds, tubulinids, entamoebas. all do amoeboid movements and psueodpodia

Question 37

Amoebozoans: slime molds

Answer 37

Slime molds: moist terrestrial habitas (rotting wood), psuedopodia

Question 38

Amoebozoans: Tubulinids

Answer 38

Free living, aquatic, fat pseudopodia.

Question 39

Amoebozoans: Entamoebas

Answer 39

Parasites of animals, kills host cells. spread by cysts